Infection and Response

Question 1

Antigen definition

Answer 1

Protein on the surface of a microorganism.

Question 2

Antibody definition

Answer 2

Protein made by lymphocytes that bind to a specific antigen.

Question 3

Lymphocyte definition

Answer 3

Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies and antitoxins.

Question 4

Phagocyte definition

Answer 4

Type of white blood cell that engulfs microorganisms.

Question 5

Vaccine definition

Answer 5

Injection of a weakened or dead version of a pathogen.

Question 6

Vector definition

Answer 6

An organism that spreads a disease but does not cause it.

Question 7

Aseptic

Answer 7

Without microorganisms (sterile).

Question 8

Communicable disease definition

Answer 8

A disease that can be spread between organisms.

Question 9

Non-communicable disease definition

Answer 9

A disease which cannot be spread between organisms.

Question 10

Pathogen definition

Answer 10

A microorganism which causes disease.

Question 11

Antibiotics definition

Answer 11

Drugs that kill bacteria.

Question 12

Disease definition

Answer 12

A condition caused by any part of the body not working properly.

Question 13

Incubation period definition

Answer 13

Time taken from being infected to showing symptoms.

Question 14

Antiseptic definition

Answer 14

Kills pathogens on the skin.

Question 15

What is the first stage of testing in new drug development?

Answer 15

The drug is tested on computer models and tissue samples in a laboratory.

Question 16

How is a drug tested after testing on computer models and tissue samples in a laboratory?

Answer 16

It is tested on animals to study side effects.

Question 17

How is a drug tested after testing on animals?

Answer 17

It is tested on a small sample of healthy human volunteers to check for side effects (clinical trial).

Question 18

How is a drug tested after testing on a small sample of healthy volunteers?

Answer 18

It is tested on a small sample of volunteers with the condition to see the effectiveness of the drug.

Question 19

What is the last step of testing for new drug development?

Answer 19

It is tested on a large sample of volunteers with the condition to see drug effectiveness, dosage and side effects.

Question 20

What is the first barrier in your body when breathing in pathogens?

Answer 20

Removal of particles by cilia in the nasopharynx.

Question 21

How does the skin surface protect against pathogens?

Answer 21

It is a physical barrier with fatty acids and normal flora.

Question 22

How does the trachea protect against pathogens?

Answer 22

It has a mucus lining.

Question 23

How does the stomach protect against pathogens?

Answer 23

It is acidic with a pH of 2.

Question 24

How do Phagocytes protect against pathogens?

Answer 24

They engulf microorganisms.

Question 25

How do lymphocytes protect against pathogens?

Answer 25

They produce antibodies

Question 26

Vaccine definition

Answer 26

A weakened, dead or genetically modified version of a disease used to provide immunity.

Question 27

Painkillers definition

Answer 27

Medicines that relieve pain by reducing symptoms but don't tackle the cause of the disease.

Question 28

Antibiotics definition

Answer 28

Medicines specifically used for treating bacterial infections by killing bacteria. They cannot be used for viral diseases.

Question 29

When does resistance against antibiotics occur?

Answer 29

When pathogens develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.

Question 30

Placebo definition

Answer 30

A fake drug used in clinical trials which does not contain the active ingredient.

Question 31

Give eight examples of disease transmission.

Answer 31

- Direct contact - Flies - Mosquitos - Droplet infection - Food - Water - Cuts in the skin - Animal bites

Question 32

Give one example of a disease transmitted by direct contact.

Answer 32

Chickenpox

Question 33

Give one example of a disease transmitted by flies.

Answer 33

Dysentery

Question 34

Give one example of a disease transmitted by mosquitos.

Answer 34

Malaria

Question 35

Give one example of a disease transmitted by droplet infection.

Answer 35

The common cold

Question 36

Give one example of a disease transmitted by food.

Answer 36

Food poisoning

Question 37

Give one example of a disease transmitted by water.

Answer 37

Cholera

Question 38

Give one example of a disease transmitted by cuts in the skin.

Answer 38

Tetanus

Question 39

Give one example of a disease transmitted by animal bites.

Answer 39

Rabies

Question 40

How did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to immunity?

Answer 40

He introduced hand washing.

Question 41

How did Alexander Fleming contribute to immunity?

Answer 41

He invented penicillin.

Question 42

What happens when people are first vaccinated?

Answer 42

They undergo an immune response and their body makes antibodies, which are stored for long-term immunity.

Question 43

How do vaccines help?

Answer 43

On second exposure to the pathogen, antibodies are produced much faster and in much higher quantities so people often have no symptoms.

Question 44

Name four types of pathogens.

Answer 44

Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protists

Question 45

How do viruses make you ill?

Answer 45

They invade cells, replicate inside of them and destroy the cells when they escape.

Question 46

Give three examples of viruses.

Answer 46

HIV Tobacco Mosaic Viruses (TMV) Measles

Question 47

How do bacteria make you ill?

Answer 47

They release toxins.

Question 48

Give two examples of bacteria.

Answer 48

Gonorrhoea Salmonella

Question 49

True or False: Fungi are single-celled organisms.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Give two examples of fungi.

Answer 50

Rose black spot Athlete's foot

Question 51

What type of organism does rose black spot affect?

Answer 51

Plants

Question 52

What type of organism does athlete's foot affect?

Answer 52

Humans

Question 53

Give one example of a protist.

Answer 53

Malaria

Question 54

In what organism does malaria live?

Answer 54

Mosquitoes

Question 55

Droplet Infection definition

Answer 55

Sneezing, coughing, singing, and talking may spread respiratory droplets (aerosols) from an infected person to someone nearby.