Infection And Response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.

Pathogens can lead to communicable (infectious) diseases.

Question 2

What types of organisms can be infected by pathogens?

Answer 2

Both plants and animals.

Pathogens can affect a wide range of living organisms.

Question 3

What are the main types of pathogens?

Answer 3

Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi.

Each type of pathogen has distinct characteristics and effects.

Question 4

How small are bacteria compared to body cells?

Answer 4

About 1/100th the size of body cells.

This small size allows them to reproduce rapidly.

Question 5

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 5

By producing toxins (poisons) that damage your cells and tissues.

Toxins are harmful substances that affect bodily functions.

Question 6

Are viruses considered cells?

Answer 6

No, viruses are not cells; they’re much smaller.

Viruses require a host cell to replicate.

Question 7

How do viruses reproduce inside the body?

Answer 7

They live inside host cells and replicate using the cells’ machinery.

This process often leads to cell damage.

Question 8

What happens to the host cell after a virus replicates?

Answer 8

The cell usually bursts, releasing new viruses.

This bursting causes damage to the host cell.

Question 9

What causes the illness associated with viral infections?

Answer 9

Cell damage caused by the viral replication process.

Symptoms of illness often arise from this cellular damage.

Question 10

What are protists?

Answer 10

Single-celled eukaryotes

Protists encompass a variety of types, but they are predominantly single-celled organisms.

Question 11

How are some protists harmful?

Answer 11

Some are parasites that cause damage to other organisms

Parasites are transferred to hosts by vectors, which do not suffer from the disease themselves.

Question 12

What structures make up the body of some fungi?

Answer 12

Hyphae

Hyphae are thread-like structures that can penetrate human skin and plants.

Question 13

What can hyphae produce?

Answer 13

Spores

Spores can spread to other plants and animals, facilitating the spread of fungi.

Question 14

How can pathogens be spread through dirty water?

Answer 14

By drinking or bathing in contaminated water

An example is cholera, a bacterial infection spread through water contaminated with the diarrhea of infected individuals.

Question 15

What is an example of an airborne pathogen?

Answer 15

Influenza virus

Airborne pathogens can be carried in droplets produced by coughing or sneezing.

Question 16

How can pathogens be spread by direct contact?

Answer 16

By touching contaminated surfaces

An example is athlete’s foot, which is spread by touching surfaces like shower floors and towels.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: Some fungi are _______.

Answer 17

single-celled

Question 18

What is a common environment for spreading athlete’s foot?

Answer 18

Shower floors and towels

These surfaces can harbor the fungus that causes athlete’s foot, leading to infection.

Question 20

What is the mode of transmission for measles?

Answer 20

Spread by droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough.

Question 21

What are common symptoms of measles?

Answer 21

Red skin rash and fever.

Question 22

What serious complications can arise from measles?

Answer 22

Pneumonia and encephalitis.

Question 23

At what age are most people vaccinated against measles?

Answer 23

When they’re young.

Question 24

How is HIV primarily spread?

Answer 24

By sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids such as blood.

Question 25

What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

Answer 25

Flu-like symptoms for a few weeks.

Question 26

What is the role of antiretroviral drugs in HIV treatment?

Answer 26

They stop the virus from replicating in the body.

Question 27

What does HIV attack in the body?

Answer 27

Immune cells.

Question 28

What is the term for late stage HIV infection?

Answer 28

AIDS.

Question 29

What type of virus is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

Answer 29

A virus that affects many species of plants.

Question 30

What symptom does TMV cause in affected plants?

Answer 30

A mosaic pattern on the leaves.

Question 31

How does TMV affect plant growth?

Answer 31

It reduces photosynthesis due to leaf discolouration.

Question 32

What type of disease is Rose Black Spot?

Answer 32

A fungal disease.

Question 33

What symptoms does Rose Black Spot cause on rose plants?

Answer 33

Purple or black spots on leaves, yellowing, and leaf drop.

Question 34

How does Rose Black Spot affect photosynthesis?

Answer 34

It reduces photosynthesis, affecting plant growth.

Question 35

How does Rose Black Spot spread?

Answer 35

Through water or by the wind.

Question 36

What are two methods gardeners can use to treat Rose Black Spot?

Answer 36

Using fungicides and stripping the plant of affected leaves.

Question 37

What should be done with the affected leaves of rose plants?

Answer 37

They need to be destroyed to prevent the fungus from spreading.

Question 38

What is one way to prevent the spread of disease?

Answer 38

Being Hygienic ## Footnote Simple hygiene measures like washing hands thoroughly can stop infection transmission.

Question 39

How can vectors that spread disease be destroyed?

Answer 39

By using insecticides or destroying their habitat ## Footnote This prevents the breeding of disease-spreading insects.

Question 40

What is the purpose of isolating infected individuals?

Answer 40

To prevent them from passing the disease to others ## Footnote Isolation is crucial for controlling communicable diseases.

Question 41

What does vaccination do?

Answer 41

It reduces the likelihood of developing and spreading infections ## Footnote Vaccination is important for both people and animals.

Question 42

Fill in the blank: Vaccinating people and animals against communicable diseases means they are less likely to _______.

Answer 42

develop the infection ## Footnote This helps control the spread of diseases like Salmonella.

Question 43

True or False: Destroying the habitat of disease-spreading insects can help prevent diseases like malaria.

Answer 43

True ## Footnote Stopping mosquitoes from breeding is effective in reducing malaria spread.

Question 44

What is an example of a disease that poultry in the UK is vaccinated against?

Answer 44

Salmonella ## Footnote Vaccination is used to control the spread of this disease among poultry.