Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 > Infection and Response > Flashcards

Infection and Response Flashcards

(91 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do airborne pathogens spread?

A

Airborne pathogens spread through tiny droplets expelled when a person coughs or sneezes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Communicable diseases are diseases caused by pathogens that spread from person to person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cholera and how is it spread?

A

Cholera is a bacterial disease spread by drinking water contaminated by the diarrhea of an infected person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Salmonella and its transmission route?

A

Salmonella is a type of bacteria spread by consuming contaminated food, particularly chicken.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is athlete’s foot transmitted?

A

Athlete’s foot is a fungal infection often spread by walking barefoot on contaminated surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hygiene practices help reduce pathogen spread?

A

Practicing good hygiene includes washing hands after using the bathroom and cleaning cooking items.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is vector control in disease prevention?

A

Vector control involves eliminating organisms that transport pathogens, such as using insecticides against mosquitoes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of vaccination in disease prevention?

A

Vaccination immunizes individuals to prevent them from contracting and spreading diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is quarantine and when is it applied?

A

Quarantine is the isolation of infected individuals to prevent disease spread, typically used for serious diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What defines a virus in terms of cellular structure?

A

Viruses are neither cells nor considered living organisms, yet they are classified as organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Viruses cannot reproduce independently; they invade host cells and use the cell’s machinery to replicate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the host cell after viral replication?

A

The host cell eventually bursts, releasing numerous new viruses to infect other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Measles is spread through droplets expelled when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main symptoms of measles?

A

Measles is characterized by a red rash across the body and a fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does HIV stand for and what does it do?

A

HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which affects humans and causes a deficient immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV refers to the virus itself, while AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) refers to the disease resulting from severe immune system compromise due to HIV.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the progression of HIV infection.

A

The progression includes an initial stage with flu-like symptoms, a latent stage where symptoms subside but the virus continues damaging the immune system, and the AIDS stage where the immune system is severely weakened.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of anti-retroviral drugs in HIV treatment?

A

Anti-retroviral drugs can prevent viral replication, allowing individuals to live normal lives if treatment is initiated early.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What species does Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) affect?

A

TMV specifically affects certain plant species, including tobacco and tomato plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does TMV affect photosynthesis in plants?

A

The mosaic pattern inhibits photosynthesis in affected areas, reducing sugar production and hindering plant growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What symptoms does TMV cause in plants?

A

TMV causes discolored patches on leaves, forming a mosaic pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are much smaller than human cells, reproduce rapidly within the body, and can produce toxins that damage cells and tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella infection?

A

Symptoms of Salmonella infection include fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
What is Salmonella and its common source?
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning, commonly found in infected chicken.
22
What is Gonorrhea?
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by bacteria transmitted through sexual contact.
22
How is Salmonella infection typically prevented
Salmonella infection is typically prevented by vaccinating chickens, a common practice in the UK.
23
What are the main symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Main symptoms of Gonorrhea include pain during urination and a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis.
24
What are the prevention methods for Gonorrhea?
Prevention of Gonorrhea includes avoiding unsafe sex and using barrier methods like condoms.
25
What was the traditional treatment for Gonorrhea?
The traditional treatment for Gonorrhea was penicillin, which effectively cured the infection
26
Why is Gonorrhea treatment more complicated now?
Gonorrhea treatment is more complicated now due to many strains becoming resistant to penicillin, requiring rarer and more expensive antibiotics.
26
What is the relationship between bacteria and human health?
While many bacteria are harmless or beneficial, certain pathogenic bacteria can cause diseases in humans.
27
What does antibiotic resistance mean in the context of Gonorrhea?
Antibiotic resistance in Gonorrhea refers to the bacteria developing the ability to survive treatments that previously eradicated them, necessitating alternative medications.
28
What are fungi and how do they differ from plants and animals?
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, unlike plants and animals which are primarily multicellular.
29
What are hyphae and their role in fungi?
Hyphae are long, thread-like structures in multicellular fungi that spread through soil and can penetrate hosts, causing disease.
30
How does the rose black spot fungus spread?
The rose black spot fungus spreads through water or wind transportation.
30
What is a spore in fungi, and what is its function?
Spores are reproductive units produced by hyphae that spread easily and grow into new fungi.
30
How are protists classified when they are parasites?
Parasitic protists live on or inside other organisms, surviving at the host's expense.
31
What is rose black spot and its effect on plants?
Rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes purple or black spots on rose leaves, leading to yellowing and leaf drop, hindering photosynthesis.
32
What are the treatment options for rose black spot?
Treatment includes chopping off infected leaves and destroying them or spraying the plant with fungicides.
32
What defines protists and their cellular structure?
Protists are eukaryotic organisms, predominantly unicellular, similar to fungi.
33
What is the role of vectors in the transmission of protists?
Vectors, such as insects, transport protists between hosts without getting the disease themselves.
33
What causes malaria and how is it transmitted?
Malaria is caused by a parasitic protist and is transmitted by mosquitoes, which act as vectors.
34
What happens when a mosquito feeds on an infected host?
The mosquito sucks up malaria parasites, which can then be transferred to a healthy host when it feeds again.
34
What are the symptoms of malaria in humans?
Symptoms include bad fevers, headaches, recurrent episodes, and it can be fatal in some cases.
35
What is the best method to prevent diseases caused by protists like malaria?
Preventing diseases involves stopping vectors from spreading the protists, such as reducing mosquito populations or using repellent.
36
What are the two main components of the human body's defense system?
The two main components are physical and chemical barriers, and the immune system.
37
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid kills pathogens by creating a highly acidic environment with a pH of about 2.
38
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
Antigens are foreign substances detected by the immune system, while antibodies are proteins made by white blood cells that bind to specific antigens.
39
How does the immune system respond to a previously encountered pathogen?
The immune system produces more antibodies quickly, allowing for rapid destruction of the pathogen and resulting in immunity.
40
What is the function of mucus in the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles?
Mucus traps particles and is moved by cilia to the back of the throat for swallowing.
40
What are antitoxins and their function?
Antitoxins are molecules produced by white blood cells that bind to and counteract toxins produced by pathogens.
41
How does the nose contribute to pathogen defense?
The nose has hairs and mucus that trap pathogens and particles from the air.
42
What role does skin play in the body's defense system?
Skin acts as a physical barrier and secretes oils and antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens.
42
What is phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is the process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens.
43
What are the three main functions of white blood cells in the immune system?
The three main functions are phagocytosis, producing antitoxins, and producing antibodies.
44
What is the significance of antigens in vaccines?
Antigens in vaccines provoke an immune response, allowing the body to recognize and fight the actual pathogen if encountered later.
44
What is the role of antibodies in immunity?
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that identify and neutralize pathogens, providing immunity.
45
What are the main advantages of vaccination?
Vaccination protects individuals from severe diseases and helps control outbreaks and epidemics of infectious diseases.
46
What diseases have been significantly controlled by vaccines?
Vaccines have helped control diseases such as polio, smallpox, measles, and whooping cough.
47
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient portion of a population is immune to a pathogen, reducing its spread and protecting those who are not immune.
47
Why is it important to check vaccine effectiveness post-injection?
Checking vaccine effectiveness ensures that individuals have developed adequate immunity against the targeted disease.
48
How do vaccines contribute to epidemic prevention?
By increasing immunity in the population, vaccines reduce the likelihood of disease spread, thereby preventing epidemics.
48
How do vaccines grant immunity without causing disease?
Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated pathogens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies without causing illness.
49
What are the limitations of vaccines?
Vaccines may not always provide full immunity and can sometimes cause adverse reactions.
50
What are common adverse reactions to vaccines?
Common reactions include swelling at the injection site, fevers, and in rare cases, seizures, but severe reactions are uncommon.
51
What are antibiotics used for?
Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria or prevent their growth, thus helping to treat bacterial infections.
52
How has the ability to treat symptoms and diseases transformed medicine?
It has improved the quality and length of people's lives, allowing for simultaneous treatment of symptoms and root causes.
52
What is an example of a symptom-relieving medication for a sore throat?
Painkillers like aspirin or paracetamol can reduce pain and headache associated with a sore throat.
53
What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, making treatments ineffective.
53
How do symptom-relieving medications function?
They alleviate discomfort caused by an illness without addressing the underlying cause.
53
What are the two main groups of medications?
Medications can be categorized into those that relieve symptoms and those that treat the disease itself.
54
Why must doctors sometimes perform tests before prescribing antibiotics?
Different antibiotics are effective against specific types of bacteria, requiring identification of the bacteria causing the infection.
55
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?
Antibiotics are designed to interfere with bacteria, not viruses, which hide within our body's cells.
55
What are the three key considerations in drug testing?
Efficacy, toxicity, and dosage.
56
What does dosage refer to in drug testing?
Dosage indicates the concentration of the drug that should be administered, balancing effectiveness and side effects.
56
What is drug efficacy?
Efficacy refers to how well a drug produces the desired therapeutic effect.
56
Define drug toxicity.
Toxicity is the measure of how harmful a drug is, including potential side effects
57
What is the first stage of pre-clinical drug testing?
The first stage involves testing the drug on human cells and tissues grown in a laboratory.
57
What is a major drawback of testing drugs on human cells and tissues?
It provides limited information on how the substance affects an entire organism
57
What are the benefits of testing drugs on human cells and tissues?
It allows for easy and cost-effective testing of multiple substances.
58
What is the second stage of pre-clinical drug testing?
The second stage involves testing the drug on live animals, such as mice and rabbits.
58
Why are live animals used in drug testing
They provide insights into the efficacy and toxicity of the substances being tested.
59
What is the initial phase of clinical testing?
It involves administering very low doses of the drug to healthy volunteers to check for adverse effects.
59
What is the purpose of gradually increasing the drug dosage in clinical testing?
To find the maximum tolerable dosage while monitoring for side effects.
60
What is the process of administering the drug to patients in clinical testing?
The drug is given incrementally to patients with the targeted illness to identify the optimal dosage.
61
Define optimum dosage in drug testing.
Optimum dosage is the level at which the drug's benefits are maximized while minimizing toxicity.
62
What is a placebo in the context of clinical trials?
A placebo is a substance that resembles the real drug but has no active therapeutic effect.
62
What is the purpose of blinding in clinical trials?
Blinding helps avoid unconscious bias by keeping participants unaware of whether they receive the real drug or a placebo.
62
What is the distinction between a blind trial and a double-blind trial?
In a blind trial, participants do not know what they are taking; in a double-blind trial, neither participants nor researchers know.
63
What is peer review in drug testing?
Peer review involves other scientists analyzing the results to ensure tests were fair and to prevent false claims.

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions