Infection and response

Question 1

What is a communciable disease?

Answer 1

It can spread from person to person through pathogens.

Question 2

What is an non-communiable disease?

Answer 2

It can not spread from person to person and is not caused by a pathogen.

Question 3

What is a pathegon?

Answer 3

A microorganism that spreads infectious diseases.

Question 4

State the four pathogens…

Answer 4

1) protists

2) fungi

3) virus

4) bacteria

Question 5

How does bacteria harm our body?

Answer 5

reproduces rapidly and causes harmful toxins which damages the tissues

Question 6

How does viruses harm our body?

Answer 6

reproduces inside a host cell and when leaves causes it to burst open and die.

Question 7

How do pathogens spread?

Answer 7

in the air
water
direct contact

Question 8

How can we reduce the spread of pathogens?

Answer 8

wash hands
drink clean water
vaccination
clean needles
isolation

Question 9

WHAT CANNOT BE KILLED BY ANTIBIOTICS?

Answer 9

virus

Question 10

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of measles…

Answer 10

s –> fever/ red rash

c –> coughs/ sneezes

p/t –> vaccination

Question 11

What type of pathogen spreads measles?

Answer 11

virus

Question 12

What type of pathogen spreads HIV?

Answer 12

virus

Question 13

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of HIV…

Answer 13

s –> flu like illness

c –> not protected sex / shared needles

p/t –> antiretroviral drugs

** go over this

Question 14

What pathogen can be killed by using antibitoics?

Answer 14

bacteria

Question 15

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of salmonella…

Answer 15

s –> extreme cramps / vommiting / fever

c –> ingesting infected food

t/p –> cook food thouroghly / chickens vaccinated against salmonella

Question 16

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of ghonerria…

Answer 16

s –> green/ yellow discharge / pain when urinating

c –> sexually transmitted disease

t/p –> penicillin / condom

Question 17

What type of pathogen causes salmonella?

Answer 17

bacteria

Question 18

What type of pathogen causes ghonerria?

Answer 18

bacteria

Question 19

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 19

protists

Question 20

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of malaria…

Answer 20

s –> fever

c –> infected person bitten by a mosquito –> malaria pathogen passed on to mosquito –> bites another person

t/p –> insecticide/ mosquito net / drain still water

Question 21

What is the mosquito called?

Answer 21

a vector

Question 22

What is the non-specific defence system?

Answer 22

prevent pathogens from entering the human body.

Question 23

What role does the skin play in the non specific defence system?

Answer 23

• protective layer
• dead cells - difficult for the pathogens to penetrate
• oily skin - sebum which kills the bacteria
• when skin rips open - scabs over

Question 24

What is the role of the nose in the non-specific defence system?

Answer 24

• contains hair and mucus - traps pathogens before entering the breathing system

Question 25

What is the role of the lungs in the non-specific defence system?

Answer 25

- trachea and bronchi covered in tiny hairs known as the cillia - cillia covered in mucus which traps the pathogen --> wafts the mucus upwards towards the throat which is then swallowed into the stomach.

Question 26

What is the role of the stomach in the none-specific defence system?

Answer 26

contains hydrochloric acid which kills the pathogens before going further down into the digestive system.

Question 27

What are the two main functions of the immune system?

Answer 27

1) destroys pathogens and any toxins produced. 2) protects us incase the same type of pathogen invades in the future.

Question 28

Describe the process of phagocytosis...

Answer 28

1) wbc detects chemicals from pathogen and moves towards it 2) ingests the pathogens 3) uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen.

Question 29

Describe the process of lympctyosis...

Answer 29

1) stick to the pathogen 2) trigger the pathogen to be destroyed

Question 30

What are antibodies?

Answer 30

protein molecules produced by the wbc.

Question 31

What are two main facts about antibodies?

Answer 31

1) remain in the blood for a long time 2) are very specific

Question 32

What is the role of anti-toxins?

Answer 32

stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from destroying cells.

Question 33

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of Tobacco mosaic virus...

Answer 33

s --> leaves discolour in a mosaic pattern --> rate of photosyntheisis is reduced --> growth stumped c --> virus t --> remove the infected leaves and destroy them

Question 34

State the symptom, causes and prevention or treatment of Rose black spot...

Answer 34

s --> purple or black spot on leaves/ turn yellow and fall off --> growth stumped c --> fungus water/wind T --> fungicides/ remove the infected leaves and destroy them

Question 35

State the process of vaccination...

Answer 35

1) dead or inactive pathogen injected into the body 2) wbc produces antibodies against the pathogen 3) wbc undergoes mitosis to produce multiple copies of the antibody 4) memory cells ensure that if the pathogen ever comes back in the future it will be able to quickly fight it off.

Question 36

What is the purpose of herd immunity?

Answer 36

when majority of the population have the vaccination, those who don't have it are protected as no one around them can pass the pathogen on.

Question 37

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

Answer 37

penicillin

Question 38

What is the role of antibiotics?

Answer 38

kill infective bacteria without harming body cells.

Question 39

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 39

bacteria has evolved so no longer killed by antibiotic.

Question 40

Where does heart drug digitalis come from?

Answer 40

foxglove

Question 41

Where does aspirin come from?

Answer 41

willow trees

Question 42

What is preclinical testing?

Answer 42

drug tested on cells/tissues/animals BUT NOT HUMANS

Question 43

What is clinical testing?

Answer 43

very low dosage given to healthy humans if the drug is safe clinical testing continues to find the optimal dosage

Question 44

What is a placebo?

Answer 44

a tablet with no active drug in it. person thinks they are going to get better so thinks it works

Question 45

What is the double blind trial?

Answer 45

1) test group receive the active drug. 2) placebo group receive the dummy tablet with no active drug in it 3) neither the patient nor doctor knows --> prevents biased