Infection And Response

Question 1

How are diseases caused by viruses are spread in animals and plants

Question 2

How are diseases caused by bacteria are spread in animals and plants

Question 3

How are diseases caused by protists are spread in animals and plants

Question 4

How are diseases caused by fungi are spread in animals and plants

Question 5

Explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented

Question 6

What is a pathogen

Question 7

What is measles

Question 8

What is HIV

Question 9

What is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

Question 10

What is salmonella

Question 11

What is gonorrhoea

Question 12

What is rose black spot

Question 13

What is malaria

Question 14

Name the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens and describe them

Answer 14

Skin -

Nose -

Trachea and bronchi -

Stomach -

Question 15

Explain the role of the immune system in defence against disease

Question 16

Explain how phagocytosis, antibody production, and antitoxin production help defend against pathogens

Question 17

Explain how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population

Question 18

Explain how vaccination will prevent illness in a human

Question 19

Explain the use of antibiotics and other medicines in treating diseases

Question 20

How do antibiotics work

Question 21

What are painkillers and what do they do

Question 22

Describe the process of discovering and developing potential new medicines

Question 23

Traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and micro-organisms, name some examples

Answer 23

The Heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves

The painkiller aspirin originates from willow

Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould

Question 24

Describe what toxicity, efficacy, and dose mean when a new drug is being tested

Question 25

What is preclinical testing for a new drug

Answer 25

Testing is Done in a laboratory using cells, tissues, and live animals

Question 26

What is clinical testing for a new drug and describe the process

Answer 26

Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients • Very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial. • If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose for the drug. • In double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo.

Question 27

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced

Question 28

Describe some ways monoclonal antibodies can be used

Answer 28

• for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests • in laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens • in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye • to treat some diseases: for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing. It delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming other cells in the body.

Question 29

Advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

Question 30

In what ways can plant diseases be detected

Answer 30

• stunted growth • spots on leaves • areas of decay (rot) • growths • malformed stems or leaves • discolouration • the presence of pests.

Question 31

How can the identification of a plant disease be found

Answer 31

• reference to a gardening manual or website • taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen • using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.

Question 32

What are the ion deficiency’s that can damage plants

Answer 32

• stunted growth caused by nitrate (needed for protein synthesis) deficiency • chlorosis caused by magnesium (needed to make chlorophyll) deficiency.

Question 33

Name the physical defence responses in plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms

Answer 33

• Cellulose cell walls. • Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. • Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off.

Question 34

Name the chemical defence responses in plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms

Answer 34

• Antibacterial chemicals. • Poisons to deter herbivores.

Question 35

Mechanical adaptions of plants to resist invasion of micro-organisms or predators

Answer 35

• Thorns and hairs deter animals. • Leaves which droop or curl when touched. • Mimicry to trick animals.