Infection and Response Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is a communicable disease?
Communicable diseases is a disease that spreads from person to person
How are communicable disease spread by?
Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
What is a non-communicable disease?
It is a disease that cannot be spread such as coronary heart disease.
How is tuberculosis a communicable disease?
In most people the immune system can fight off TB but people with HIV have a weak immune system. People with a more defective immune system are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases.
What are pathogens?
They are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.
What is bacteria?
Very small cells that rapidly reproduce they make you fell ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissue.
What are viruses?
They are pathogens that rapidly reproduce inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells until they burst. When the cell is used it burst and that is what makes you fell ill.
What are protists?
Some protists are parasites they live on or in other organisms and can cause them damage. They are often transferred by vectors which doesn’t get the disease themselves.
What are fungi?
Some fungi are single celled. Others have a body made up of hyphae. Hyphae grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of the plants causing disease. Hyphae produce spores which spread.
How can pathogens spread?
Water-cholera
Air-influenza virus
Direct contact-athletes foots
List three viral diseases
Measles-spread through coughing or sneezing. They develops a red skin rash and signs of a fever.
HIV-spread through sexual contact or bodily fluids. Causes flu like symptoms the virus attacks the immune system.
TMV-virus that affects plants it causes a mosaic pattern and causes discolouration so it can’t photosynthesise and growth is stunted.
Give an example of a fungal disease in a plant?
Rose black spot-this causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plant. The leaves can turn yellow and fall off.
How is rose black spot spread? What are the symptoms?How do you treat this disease?
Through water or wind. Less photosynthesis can take place so there is stunted growth. They can treat the disease using fungicides and by stripping the plant these leaves then need to be destroyed.
What is an example of a protist?
Malaria is caused by a protist.
How is malaria spread?How do you stop the spread of malaria?What are the symptoms of malaria?
Every time a mosquito feeds on an animal it passes on the disease into the animals blood stream as it is a vector. Stop mosquitoes from breeding, use insecticides and mosquito nets. Malaria causes repeating episodes of fever which can be fatal.
List two bacterial disease
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
What is salmonella?
It is a bacteria that causes food poisoning. Infected people can suffer from fever,stomach cramps,vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms are caused by the toxins that the bacteria produce. You can get salmonella food poisoning by eating food that’s been contaminated with salmonella bacteria. You can prevent this by giving poultry vaccinations.
How do you treat for salmonella?
Antibiotics
What is Gonorrhoea?
It is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria. A person with gonorrhoea will get pain when they urinate. Another symptom is a thick yellow discharge from the vagina or penis. You can prevent this by using contraception.
How do you treat gonorrhoea?
Antibiotics called penicillin however this has become more difficult as strands of the bacteria have become resistant.
How can you prevent the spread of disease?
Being hygienic - using hygiene measures can prevent the spread of disease. Washing hands before eating or after sneezing.
Destroying vectors - prevent the disease being passed on by using insecticides.
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination - They can’t develop immunity to that disease.
How does your body stop pathogens causing damage?
The skin - physical barrier
Secretion of antimicrobial substances
Hairs and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens.
The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens
The trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia. These are hair like structures which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth.
How does your immune system deal with pathogens?
White blood cells are used they:
Engulf foreign bodies - phagocytosis
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
Describe the job of B-lymphocytes
Every pathogen is surrounded by unique molecules on its surface these are called antigens. The lymphocytes will produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells, they are only specific to that type of antigen. They then reproduce rapidly to stop the spread of disease. These antibodies remember the protein structure so when it re enters the body it is killed quicker.
