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Biology Paper 1 > Infection And Response > Flashcards

Infection And Response Flashcards

1
Q

What an pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause communicable diseases in plants and animals.

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2
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

By:

  • Direct contact
  • Water or air
  • Vectors
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3
Q

What are vectors?

A

Organisms that carry and pass on a pathogen without getting the disease.

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4
Q

What can pathogens come in the form of?

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi.

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5
Q

How can the spread of infectious disease by reduced?

A
  • By simple hygiene measures
  • Destroying vectors
  • Isolating infected individuals, so they cannot pass the pathogen on.
  • Giving people at risk a vaccination.
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6
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They reproduce rapidly in the body cells, causing damage to the cells.

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7
Q

What is measles caused by?

A

A virus

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Forever and a red skin rash

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9
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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10
Q

Is measles fatal?

A

It can be if there are complications, so most young children are vaccinated against it.

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11
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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12
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

AIDS

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13
Q

What does HIV initially cause?

A

Flu like illness, unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs, the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.

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14
Q

What happens to HIV if it’s left untreated?

A

The virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells.

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15
Q

What is aids (or late stage HIV)?

A

When the body’s immune system can no longer fight off other infections of cancers.

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16
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needs.

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17
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plant including tomatoes.

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18
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus produce?

A

A distinct ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves, which reduces chlorophyll content and affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.

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19
Q

How may bacteria damage cells?

A

It can damage them directly or produce toxins that damage tissues.

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20
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of food poisoning caused by bacteria.

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21
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Bacteria is infested in food which may not have been cooked properly or prepared in hygienic conditions.

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22
Q

How is salmonella spread in the body?

A

Bacteria secretes toxins, which cause fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

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23
Q

How is the spread of salmonella being controlled?

A

Chicken and eggs contain the bacteria so all chickens in the UK are vaccinated to control the spread.

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.

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25
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Bacterium

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26
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

It was easily treated with antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.

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27
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms

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28
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

A protist

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29
Q

How is the malaria protist spread?

A

The protist uses a particular type of mosquito as a vector and it is passed on to the person when they are bitten by the mosquito.

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30
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Severe fever which reoccurs and can be fatal.

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31
Q

How is malaria prevented?

A

By stopping people being bitten e.g. killing the mosquitoes or using mosquito nets.

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32
Q

In malaria what is the protist?

A

The pathogen for the disease. The mosquito is acting as a parasite when it feeds on a person.

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33
Q

What type of disease is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease.

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34
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

By so

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35
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They reproduce rapidly in the body cells, causing damage to the cells.

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36
Q

What is measles caused by?

A

A virus

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37
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Forever and a red skin rash

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38
Q

How is measles spread?

A

Breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs.

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39
Q

Is measles fatal?

A

It can be if there are complications, so most young children are vaccinated against it.

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40
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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41
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

AIDS

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42
Q

What does HIV initially cause?

A

Flu like illness, unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs, the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens to HIV if it’s left untreated?

A

The virus enters the lymph nodes and attacks the body’s immune cells.

44
Q

What is aids (or late stage HIV)?

A

When the body’s immune system can no longer fight off other infections of cancers.

45
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needs.

46
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plant including tomatoes.

47
Q

What does tobacco mosaic virus produce?

A

A distinct ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves, which reduces chlorophyll content and affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.

48
Q

How may bacteria damage cells?

A

It can damage them directly or produce toxins that damage tissues.

49
Q

What is salmonella?

A

A type of food poisoning caused by bacteria.

50
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Bacteria is infested in food which may not have been cooked properly or prepared in hygienic conditions.

51
Q

How is salmonella spread in the body?

A

Bacteria secretes toxins, which cause fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

52
Q

How is the spread of salmonella being controlled?

A

Chicken and eggs contain the bacteria so all chickens in the UK are vaccinated to control the spread.

53
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

A thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.

54
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Bacterium

55
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

It was easily treated with antibiotic penicillin until many resistant strains appeared. The spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier method of contraception such as a condom.

56
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms

57
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

A protist

58
Q

How is the malaria protist spread?

A

The protist uses a particular type of mosquito as a vector and it is passed on to the person when they are bitten by the mosquito.

59
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Severe fever which reoccurs and can be fatal.

60
Q

How is malaria prevented?

A

By stopping people being bitten e.g. killing the mosquitoes or using mosquito nets.

61
Q

In malaria what is the protist?

A

The pathogen for the disease. The mosquito is acting as a parasite when it feeds on a person.

62
Q

What type of disease is rose black spot?

A

A fungal disease.

63
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

By spores carried from plant to plant by water or wind.

64
Q

What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

Purple/ black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop off early.

65
Q

What does the loss of leaves from rose black spot cause?

A

It will stunt growth of plant because photosynthesis is reduced.

66
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

By using fungicides and removing and destroying the effected leaves.

67
Q

How does the skin prevent the entry of pathogens into the body?

A

It acts as a barrier to pathogens. Also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens.

68
Q

How do hairs and mucus prevent pathogens entering the body?

A

In your nose they trap particles that could contain pathogens. The trachea and bronchi secrete mucus to trap pathogens and are lined with cilia which create a wave like motion which sweep mucus along.

69
Q

How do tears destroy microorganisms?

A

The enzymes in tears destroy microorganisms.

70
Q

How does the stomach prevent the entry of pathogens in the body?

A

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which kills bacteria in food.

71
Q

How does the sebaceous gland prevent the entry of pathogens in the body?

A

Sebaceous gland produces sebum, which kills bacteria and fungi.

72
Q

How do white blood cells help the body to defend itself against pathogens?

A

Through phagocytosis, which involves the pathogens being surrounded, engulfed and digested.

73
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis:

A

1) Microorganisms invade the body
2) The white blood cells find the microorganisms and engulfs them
3) The WBC ingests the microorganisms
4) The microorganisms have been digested and destroyed.

74
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules which attach to antigens on the pathogen, antibodies are specific to a particular pathogen

75
Q

Describe the process in which antibodies function:

A
  • Antigens are markers on the surface of the microorganism.
  • The white blood cell becomes sensitised to the antigens and produce antibodies.
  • The antibodies hook onto the antigens
  • This causes the microorganisms to clump together so that other white blood cells can digest them
76
Q

What are antitoxins?

A

Chemicals that neutralise the poisonous effects of toxins.

77
Q

What happens if the same pathogen re-enters the body?

A

The white blood cells respond more quickly to produce the correct antibodies. This quick response prevents the person from getting ill and is called immunity.

78
Q

What happens when a person has a vaccination and what does it do?

A

Small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen are injected into the body. Vaccination stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies and to develop immunity.

79
Q

What happens if a large proportion of the population are vaccinated against a pathogen?

A

Then the pathogen cannot be spread very easily.

80
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that kill bacteria inside the body. However, they cannot destroy viruses. Doctors will prescribe certain antibiotics for certain diseases. The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infections. However, bacteria strains to antibiotics are increasing.

81
Q

Give an example of a resistance strain of bacteria?

A

MRSA

82
Q

How can we reduce the rate at which resistant strains of bacteria develop?

A

Doctors should not provide antibiotics:

  • Unless they are really needed
  • For non-serious infections
  • For viral infections
83
Q

What is important that antibiotic patients do?

A

Complete their course of antibiotics so that all bacteria are killed and none survive to form resistant strains.

84
Q

What do pain killers do?

A

They treat symptoms but not kill the actual pathogen.

85
Q

Why are antiviral drugs needed?

A

So that viruses can be killed without also damaging the body’s tissue.

86
Q

Traditionally, where did drugs come from?

A

Plants and microorganisms e.g.
Digitalis- heart drug, originates from foxgloves
Aspirin- Pain killer originates from willow
Penicillin- Discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould

87
Q

Where is preclinical testing done?

A

In a lab using cells, tissues and live animals.

88
Q

If a drug is found safe why is it tested on patients?

A
  • To see if it works

- Find out the optimum dose

89
Q

Why are drug tests usually double blind tests?

A

To ensure that it is completely fair - if patients or doctors know whether it was the placebo or drug it may influence the outcome.

90
Q

How do double blind tests work?

A
  • Some patients are given a placebo and some the drug.
  • Patients are allocated randomly to the two groups.
  • If the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optimum dose.
91
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

From a single cell that has divided to make many cloned copies of itself.

92
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

They bind to only one type of antigen so they can be used to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body.

93
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

By combining mouse cells and a tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma.

94
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

The part you wee on has some antibodies to the hormone with blue beads attached, the test strip has some more antibodies to the hormone stuck onto it.

95
Q

What happens in the pregnancy test if you’re pregnant?

A

The hormone (HCG) bind to the antibodies on the blue beads.
Urine moves up the stick carrying the HCG and beads.
The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the strip.
The blue beads get stick on the strip, turning it blue.

96
Q

What are some other uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • In labs to measure the levels of hormone and other chemicals in blood or to detect pathogens.
  • In research to locate/ identify specific molecules in a cell of tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye.
  • To treat some diseases e.g. in cancer they can be used to deliver a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical that stops cells dividing, specifically to the cancer cells.
97
Q

What are some negatives of monoclonal antibodies?

A

They are not widely used because they have created more side effects than expected.

98
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A

If they have

  • Stunted growth
  • Spots on leaves
  • Areas of decay
  • Growths
  • Malformed stems/leaves
  • Discolouration
  • The presence of pests
99
Q

How can specific plant diseases be identified?

A

A number of steps can be taken:

  • Consulting a gardening/ manual website
  • Taking infected plants to a lab to identify the pathogen
  • Using test kits which contain monoclonal antibodies
100
Q

What are aphids?

A

Small insects often known as greenfly/ black fly. They feed from the phloem, taking sugars away from the plant.

101
Q

How are aphids adapted to what they do?

A

They have long, needle like mouth pieces, which they can insert straight into the phloem part of the plant.

102
Q

What is stunted growth in a plant caused by?

A

Nitrate deficiency because nitrates are needed for protein synthesis.

103
Q

What is chlorosis in a plant caused by?

A

Magnesium deficiency because magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll.

104
Q

What are physical defence responses by plants to resist invasion of microorganisms?

A

Cellulose Cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall of and take pathogens with them.

105
Q

What are chemical plant defence responses?

A

antibacterial chemicals made by plants e.g, mint and witch hazel, poisons to deter herbivores

106
Q

What are mechanical plant adaptations to defend a plant against microorganisms?

A

Thorns and hairs deter animals. Leaves which drool or curl when touched. Mimicry To Trick animals into not eating them, not laying eggs and leaves for example the white dead nettle does not sting, but looks very similar to a stinging nettle

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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