Infection Control

Question 1

Infection Control

Answer 1

-Procedures that decrease the spread of infection

Question 2

Health-care associated infection (HAIs)

Answer 2

aka nosocomial infection acquired during delivery of care in a healthcare setting

Question 3

Infection Control aims to:

Answer 3

-Eliminate source of infection agents

-Create Barriers of transmission

-monitor and evaluate effectiveness of control

Question 4

-For transmission of infection- 3 conditions necessary

Answer 4

Source
Susceptible Host: Portal of entry
Route or mode of Transmission

Question 5

Source of Infection

Answer 5

-Humans, equipment, linens, bedside tables, or any inanimate objects.

Question 6

Susceptible Host:

Answer 6

-Person who is exposed to an infection and becomes an asymptomatic carrier or develops the disease.

Question 7

Route or mode of Transmission:

Answer 7

Categorized as Contact or noncontact.
-Contact (Directly or indirectly)

	-Droplets (respiratory droplets)

	-Airborne

	-Vehicle (Transmitted by food)

	-Vector borne (Insects)

Question 8

Direct:

Answer 8

When a pathogen is transmitted directly from one person to another

Question 9

-Indirect:

Answer 9

• More common than direct-Through an inanimate object or another person-Unwashed hands-Examples, MRSA, Scabies, VRE

Question 10

Droplet Transmission

Answer 10

-Droplets from airways larger than 5UM and usually within 3 feet (Do not stay suspended in air)

-Coughing, sneezing, talking, and other respiratory procedures

-These Droplets do not remain suspended in the air and cannot be cleared with a ventilation system

-Extra precautions are wearing a mask

-Examples of droplet transmitted diseases are influenza, and rubella

Question 11

Airborne Transmission

Answer 11

-Spread of evaporated droplets nuclei smaller than 5UMs which contain infectious microorganisms.

-Stay suspended in the air for long periods at a time

-Require special handling through air filtration and ventilation

-Needs use national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) approved N-95 mask or PAPR

-Examples of airborne transmitted diseases are (MTV) Measles, Tuberculosis, and Varicella.

Question 12

Other Transmissions

Answer 12

-Vehicle: Transmitted through contaminated food and water, and medications. Example would be salmonella.

Vector Borne: Microorganisms transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, incests, or vermin. Example would be Lyme disease.

Question 13

Strategies for infection control

Answer 13

-Decreasing host susceptibility

-vaccinations

	Hep B vaccination, varicella, rubella, measles, influenza vaccine, pertussis

-Antimicrobial agents and antiseptics ( Hand sanitizer)

-Post Exposure chemoprophylaxis (medication after exposure to:)

Whopping cough, meningococcal meningitis anthrax, influenza virus, HIV, group A streptococci

Question 14

General sanitation measures

Answer 14

-Sanitary laundry management, food prep, and housekeeping

-Specialized equipment processing

-Interrupting Routes

Question 15

-Specialized equipment processing

Answer 15

-Baterical: Kills bacteria

-Bacteriostatic, inhibits growth of bacteria

-Sporicidal, Distroies spores

-Virucidal, Destroy Viruses

Question 16

-Interrupting Routes

Answer 16

-Specialized equipment handling

-Barrier/ Isolation precautions

-Single patient use: disposable equipment

Question 17

-Disinfection and Sterilization “Cleaning”

Answer 17

-Cleaning: Removes gross contaminations such as dirt, organic material, secretions, or other visible materials from the surface, 1st step of any equipment

-Should be done in dirty utility room area

-Disassemble equipment and check for worn parts

-If not immersed in water, wipe with 70% ethyl alcohol

-Dry Completely

-Move to clean area to reassemble

Question 18

-Disinfection and Sterilization “Disinfection”

Answer 18

-Destroy vegetative from bacteria and most viruses, including HIV

	-Does not kill spores

Question 19

-Pasteurization

Answer 19

-most common

		-Application of moist heat at temp below boiling

		-Immerse in water bath at 70*C for more than 30 minutes

		-Filtered Dryers help prevent recontamination.

Question 20

-Chemical Disinfection

Answer 20

-Alcohol, bleach, chlorine, glutaraldehyde, iodophors, phenolics, ammonic compounds, acetic acid. Peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide

Question 21

-Glutaraldehyde

Answer 21

-Otherwise known as Cidex

		-Broad spectrum (Of what it can kill)

		-Does not damage metal, lenses, rubber, or plastic

		-Can disinfect in 20 minute and sterilize in 6-10 hours

		-Can be reused for 14-30 days after mixed

		-Must rinse with sterile water after soaking

Question 22

-Sterilization

Answer 22

-Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life

-Two Types , physical and chemical

Question 23

-Physical methods of Sterilization

Answer 23

-Steam

		-Autoclaving: Steam under pressure

		-easiest and most efficient

		-Is PSI at 121*C

		-Not recommended for heat sensitive equipment

	-Incineration

	-Boiling

-Ionizing Radiation

Question 24

-Chemical Methodof Sterilization

Answer 24

-Ethylene Oxide (ETO)

					-Colorless, dry, toxic gas

					-Harmless to rubber and plastic

					-Active at ambient temps

					-combines with water to form ethylene glycol (BAD)

					-Biologic indicator tape like agent used to verify conditions met

Question 25

-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Answer 25

-Gloves  -Sterile whenever performing invasive procedures -Changed between patients (and after any direct contact with infected material.) -Wash hand before and after removing gloves. -WEARING GLOVES IS NEVER A SUBSTITUTE FOR WASHING HANDS -Mask, Face shields, goggles -Gowns, aprons hair coverings, shoe coverings 

Question 26

-Standard Precautions

Answer 26

Universal precautions and body substance isolation -Blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excreations (except sweat) , Non-intact skin, and mucus membranes. -Hand hygiene, after touching bodily fluids, between patients, after removing gloves  -Wear gloves when touching patients/ Contaminated items and surfaces  -Mask, eye protection, face shields, during procedures that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of body fluid or blood  -Gowns, to prevent soiling of clothing during procedures that may generate splashes or sprays of body fluid or blood.

Question 27

-Contact Procedures

Answer 27

-Reduce transmission by direct or indirect -Separation of more than 3 feet between infected/ colonized patient in multi patient rooms, single patient rooms are preferred  -Gowns and gloves for all interactions that may involve contact with the patient or contaminated area  -Examples include MRSA,VRE, herpes simplex, herpes zoster -Contact precautions PLUS is used with clostridium difficile(C-DIFF) and includes hand washing, not alcohol based rubs. 

Question 28

-Droplet Precautions

Answer 28

-Addition of mask (As well as other contact procedures items gloves, gowns, ect.) -Single patient rooms is preferred  -Examples include, influenza, meningococcal disease, diphtheria, rubella, mumps, ect.

Question 29

Airborne Precautions

Answer 29

-N-95 mask or higher respirator -Private rooms with negative air pressure with at least 6 to 12 air exchange per hour, and the door must remain closed -Examples include, tuberculosis, smallpox, measles, SARs

Question 30

Hand Hygiene

Answer 30

The single most important part of standard precautions and in the reduction of transmitting of microorganisms -Importance cannot be stressed enough -Handwashing with soap and water for 15-20 seconds  -Use alcohol based products , preferred over soap and water in the absence of visible soilings , except when dealing with C-Diff  -Through wetting hands, then adding soap  -Washing around the wrist and forearms  -Washing between fingers and in the back of hands -Scrubbing palms  -Washing around cuticles and nails  -Rinsing  -Drying hands with clean towel  -Turning off water (with towel) -Always done before and after each patient.

Question 31

Respiratory Equipment handling  -Large volume nebulizers

Answer 31

-Worst offender of spreading pathogens  -Moist Environments are easily contaminated -Minimize infection risk (Label and date equipment) -Filled with sterile water  -Condensate drained away from patient 

Question 32

Respiratory Equipment handling -Small Volume nebulizers

Answer 32

-Can produce bacterial aerosol -Minimize infection risk (label/date) -Single patient use -Use only sterile fluids for nebulization/ use aseptic to fill     

Question 33

Respiratory Equipment handling -Ventilator and Ventilator circuits

Answer 33

-HEPA (high Efficiency Particulate air/ aerosols) filters -Inline suction catheters  -Minimize risk -Drain condensate away from Patient  -Use sterile water in humidifiers -Change HME’s when observed evidence of gross contamination  -Use single patient use supplies instead of cleaning