Infection control Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body
What am I?
A
Disease
2
Q
Establishment and growth of a microorganism
on/in a host, resulting in injury to the host
What am I?
A
Infection
3
Q
Pathogens have three functions:
A
- Multiply and cause obstructions
- Cause tissue damage
- Secrete organic exotoxins
4
Q
List 4 TYPES of pathogens:
A
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasitic Protozoa
5
Q
Microscopic, single celled organisms with a simple internal organization. What am I?
A
Bacteria
6
Q
Bacteria resides in a host as a group or cluster called a ___
A
Colony
7
Q
______ lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
A
Prokaryotes
8
Q
Bacteria contains both ____ and ____
A
DNA and RNA
9
Q
Microscopic single cells that are a much simpler form than bacteria or animal cells. What am I?
A
Viruses (virions)
10
Q
____ can NOT live outside a living cell - they lack components for their own survival
A
Viruses
11
Q
____ carry their own DNA and RNA but NEVER both
A
Viruses
12
Q
Virion (viruses) use three processes:
A
- Attach to host cell
- Inserts its own genetic information
- Redirects host cell to produce new virus
Attach, insert and redirect ** AIR ** (think virus in the air)
13
Q
____ is NOT affected by antibiotics
A
Viruses
14
Q
Size of virus may vary from ___ to ___ nm
A
20 to 250 nm
15
Q
Direct observation of a virus is possible only through an electron _____
A
Microscope
16
Q
_____ may lie dormant for extended periods of time and then manifest in illness
A
Viruses
17
Q
____ have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
A
Eukaryotic
18
Q
Medically important fungi are called ____
A
Dimorphic
19
Q
True or False
Fungi size is much larger than bacteria
A
True
20
Q
List 2 forms of Fungi:
A
Yeast
Mold
21
Q
Diseases caused by fungi can be of 4 different classifications:
A
1 superficial
2 cutaneous
3 subcutaneous
4 systemic
22
Q
_____ are unicellular organisms that are neither plant nor animal
A
Parasitic Protozoa
23
Q
True or False
Parasitic Protozoa is larger than bacteria
A
True
24
Q
Parasitic Protozoa are ____ (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)
A
Eukaryotic
25
Bacteria is _____ (eukaryotic/prokaryotic)
Prokaryotic
26
_____ live on or in other organisms at the expense of host
Parasitic Protozoa
27
_____ can ingest food particles, and some are equipped with digestive systems
Parasitic Protozoa
28
Parasitic Protozoa are classified by their motility:
(List 4)
Ameboid
Flagellum
Cilia
Sporozoans
29
Establishment of infectious disease
—> infectious disease state
(List 6)
Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiply
Damage
Outcome
30
____ involves the infectious organism coming in contact with the host
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Encounter
31
Encounters occur during ___ of host
Lifetime
32
_____: access to the organism through a portal of entry
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Entry
33
Entry has 2 types:
Ingression
Penetration
34
_____: the propagation of the infectious organism. Requires overcoming body’s immune defenses
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Spread
35
Degree of spreading is a function of the logistics of BOTH the ___ and the ____
Host and the microbe
36
_____: the growth in microbe numbers as a function of mitosis
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Multiplication
37
_____ is the incubation period
Multiplication
38
2 forms of damage:
Direct
Indirect
39
_____: microbe can induce a host response that also causes tissue and cell death through activation of the hosts inflammatory and immune responses
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Damage
40
_____: host gains control of infectious agent and eliminates it.
Infectious agent overcomes hosts immunities to cause disease
Host and infectious agent compromise and live a sort of symbiotic state
(Encounter, entry, spread, multiply, damage, outcome)
Outcome
41
List 3 routes for disease transmission
Air
Droplets
Contact
42
2 avenues of transmission :
Exogenous
Endogenous
43
What can cause infection?
pathogenic organisms
44
List a few examples of diseases:
-pneumonia
-TB
-gastroenteritis
45
Only when the infection results in ____ to the host, is the host said to have a ____
-injury
-disease
46
Only when the infection results in ____ to the host, is the host said to have a ____
-injury
-disease
47
Pathogenic microorganisms cause :
Infectious diseases
48
Bacteria is classified and identified according to their:
Morphology
Biochemistry
Genetic constitution
49
The MEDICALLY important BACTERIA are classified as THREE general morphologies:
Cocci/spheres
Bacilli/rods
Spirals
50
Morphology is the size or shape of the bacteria and is routinely determined by a simple staining technique called _____
Gram staining
51
____ are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic, they are considered obligate intracellular parasites
Viruses
52
Viruses are characterized by the chemical nature of their:
Nucleic acid
Size
Symmetry
53
Viral infection is the result of a viral particle also called a ___
Virion
54
A ____ attaches to a host cell and inserts its genetic info into the host
Virion
55
____ can be microscopic, such as yeasts and molds
Fungi
56
Having the ability to grow in two distinct forms (yeast or filamentous hyphae) is known as?
Dimorphic
(Medically important pathogenic fungi)
57
Filamentous hypha is better known as ?
Mold
58
Fungi are classified according to the type of method of:
Sexual reproduction
59
Discoloration of the skin is considered a ____ infection
Superficial infection
60
____ infections involve the keratinized tissues of the hair, nails and skin
Cutaneous
61
List an example of a superficial infection
Tinea Nigra
(a fungal infection that results in painless black or brown discoloration of the hand and foot)
62
List an example of a cutaneous infection
Athletes foot
63
______ is an infection that enters the human host as a result of trauma to the skin
Subcutaneous infection
64
_____ is an infection that enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and may be fatal
Systemic infection
(I like to think “system” as in your system is shutting down/could be life threatening)
65
______ are distinguished from bacteria by their greater size and by the fact that they do not possess a cell wall
Parasitic Protozoa
66
Protozoa are classified according to their motility, the 1st group is classified by its slow cellular flowing, called _____
Ameboid
67
The motility of the 2nd group (Protozoa) is facilitated by a long ____, or protein tail.
Flagellum
68
The motility of the 3rd group (Protozoa) moves by the action of numerous short protein tails called ____
Cilia
69
The fourth groups motility (Protozoa) is called _____. This group is unique in that its members are nonmotile and do not form spores as do bacteria and fungi
Sporozoans
70
True or False
If at any point the infection chain is broken, the cycle can NOT continue, the infection will cease.
True
71
For infections to be transmitted the following must exist:
(List the chain in order)
Host > infectious microorganism > mode of transportation > reservoir
72
Microorganisms include:
(List 4)
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protozoa
73
Mode of transportation: list 2 avenues
Exogenous
Endogenous
74
Microorganisms being transmitted from OUTSIDE of the body is called ____
Exogenous
(Think exo as in exiting “outside”)
75
Microorganisms being transmitted from INSIDE the body is called ____
Endogenous
76
A ____ is usually an arthropod (i.e., mosquito, flea, tick)
Vector
77
it consumes its blood meal from its human host, then it can ingest an infectious microbe from the blood.
What is it?
A vector
78
A ____ is an inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious organism
Fomite
79
List a few examples of fomites:
Food and water
Radiographic equipment
Latex gloves
80
List an example of a vector
A deer tick that transmits Lyme disease is considered a vector
81
Vector vs fomite. Whats the difference?
Vector is through the blood
Fomite is through inanimate objects
82
A ____ is the site where an infectious organism can remain alive and from which transmission can occur
Reservoir
83
People, animals and inanimate objects can all serve as:
Reservoir
84
A person who serves as a reservoir is called a ___
Carrier
85
A ____ is an infected person who does not display the disease symptoms
Carrier
86
________ are infections that people acquire while they are receiving treatment in a healthcare setting for another condition
Healthcare - associated infections (HAIs)
87
Specifically, hospital-acquired conditions are known as ____
Nosocomial
88
An infection that is the result of intervention with a physician is an ___ infection
iatrogenic
89
An _____ infection is strictly limited to the physician, not where the patient acquired the infection
Example: a patient may develop pneumonia after a lung biopsy by a physician. Improper handwashing by the physician between patients could also result in this infection
iatrogenic
90
Hospital patients have a greater sensitivity to infection. Many patients have a weakened resistance to infectious organisms because of their illness. These patients are said to be ____
Compromised
(or immunosuppressed)
91
_____ can continually serve as activity colonizers of transient carriers, or they, themselves, can become infected
Medical personnel
92
Transmission between the hospital staff and the patient may be by ____ contact or through indirect contact by ____
Skin to skin contact
Ingestion or inhalation
93
_____ are disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood.
Blood-borne pathogens
94
_____ may be transmitted with any exposure to blood or infectious material, for this reason these pathogens are considered HAI’s
Blood-borne pathogens
95
List Two blood-borne pathogens that are of concern within the hospital setting:
HBV (hep B virus)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
96
List a few factors that encourage Nosocomial infections (infections that come from the hospital)
Environment
Equipment
Contamination during medical procedures
97
List some patient factors that increase the potential for Nosocomial infections (infections from the hospital)
Age
Heredity
Nutritional status
Stress
Immunocompromised
98
____ is a virus that specifically infects the immune systems CD4+T cells in a human host
HIV
99
____ is responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HIV
100
Some symptoms of HIV include:
Weight loss
Muscle and joint pain
Night sweats
Glandular pain and swelling
101
True or False ?
HIV symptoms can remain latent for many years.
True
102
People with HIV may be asymptomatic after exposure to the virus for as long as ___ years
10 years
103
It may take up to ___ year/years for results of blood test to become positive for HIV antibodies
1 year
104
____ causes illness that primarily affects the liver. Resulting in swelling soreness and loss of normal liver function
HBV (hep b virus)
105
Symptoms of HBV (hepatitis b) are:
Weakness
Fatigue
Anorexia
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Fever
Headache
106
HBV leads to yellow skin color also known as ___
Jaundice
107
____ is the major cause of viral hepatitis
HBV
108
Some patients with HBV (hep b) are asymptomatic, however blood will test positive ____ to ___ weeks after symptoms develop
2 - 6 weeks
109
Patients with HBV can recover in ___ to ____ weeks, but blood tests will always show they were exposed.
6 - 8 weeks
110
What are the 2 defense mechanisms of the body?
Internal
External
111
List 3 internal mechanisms
Mechanical barriers
Chemical processes
Cellular processes
112
List 4 external mechanisms
Normal microbial flora
Physical methods
Chemotherapeutic agents
Immunization
113
List a physical method for external mechanisms in relation to defense of the body
Hand washing
114
______ incorporates the features of both body fluid precautions and body substance isolation.
Standard precautions
115
Standard precautions should be used when performing procedures that may require contact with:
Blood
Body fluids
Mucous membranes
Non-intact skin
Secretions/excretions
116
Biosafety in the rad department using standard precautions includes the following:
Handwashing
Gloving
Needle recapping
Biospills
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
117
____ is employed in conjunction with standard precautions
Transmission - based precautions
118
____ precaution is used on all patients with a pathogenic or communicable disease process
Transmission - based precaution
119
List 3 common transmission - based precautions
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
120
3 Examples of airborne diseases are:
TB
Varicella (chickenpox)
Rubeola (measles)
121
Airborne: Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through the air are to be placed in a negative-pressure isolation room with the door ____ (open/closed)
Door closed
122
When caring for patients who are infected with pathogenic organisms such as rubella, mumps, influenza and adenovirus, ___ precautions should be used.
Droplet precautions
123
Patients that need droplet precautions are placed in a private room or with another patient who is infected with the same disease and the door remains ____ (open/closed)
Door remains open
124
Large droplets typically travel ___ feet before dropping to the ground
3
125
For ___ precautions, healthcare practitioners should wear respiratory protection that filters inspired air.
Airborne precautions
126
_____ precautions must be used when caring for a patient infected with virulent pathogen that spreads by direct contact with the patient or by indirect contact with a contaminated object
Contact precautions
127
Asepsis implies “___”
Freedom from infections
(This sounds so dumb but I think Asepsis - America, America is the land of the free 😂)
128
What are the two categories of asepsis ?
Surgical
Medical
129
____ asepsis is the procedure used to prevent contamination of microbes and endoscopes before, during, and after surgery using sterile technique
Surgical asepsis
130
______ asepsis involves a reduction in numbers of infectious agents, which in turn decreases the probability of infection but does not necessarily reduce it to zero.
Medical asepsis
131
_____ is the easiest way to break the chain of infection
Handwashing
132
What is a chemical method of asepsis?
Disinfectants
133
What are two types of disinfectants?
(Used for chemical method of asepsis)
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
134
A ____ agent stops bacterial growth
Bacteriostatic
(Think static as in “stays still/stops)
135
A ____ agent kills cells
Bactericidal
(Think suiCIDAL)
136
What’s a physical method of asepsis?
Sterilization
137
What is sterilization?
The absolute killing of all life forms
138
What is the most effective method for sterilizing?
Using heat
139
____ is a form of moist heat under pressure
Autoclave
140
List 2 effective methods of sterilization
Heat
Ultraviolet light (UV)
141
_____ absolutely must be performed before and after each patient is handled
Handwashing
142
____ provides the simplest method of environmental control of microbes
Handwashing
