Establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host, resulting in injury to the host. Caused by pathogenic organisms (a biological agent that causes disease in its host).

Exotoxins are proteins that cause damage or dysfunction, by damaging host cell membranes or by entering target cells and directly altering function. Exotoxins cause side effects – fever, nausea, vomiting etc.

Microscopic, single-celled organisms. Prokaryotes - lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. May reside in host as a group or cluster called a colony. May be classified according to their morphology (size & shape), biochemistry or genetic constitution. Medically important bacteria are classified morphologically: cocci or spheres, bacilli or rods, and spirals.

Most often produced due to nutritional deprivation. Metabolically dormant and highly resistant to external environment, chemical and physical agents. Remain viable for many years and then germinate in response to specific requirements.

Microscopic, single celled. Cannot live outside a living cell - lack components for their own survival; inability to synthesize specific required proteins Carry their own DNA or RNA but never both. DNA and RNA are surrounded by protein coat known as capsid. Classified by the chemical nature of their nucleic acid, size and symmetry. Virion (viral particle) attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic information, and then redirects host cell to produce new viruses. Not affected by antibiotics.

Macroscopic or microscopic. Eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles). Much larger than bacteria Medically important fungi are dimorphic. Two forms: yeast aka candida (single celled) or molds depending on growth conditions. Classified according to type and method of sexual reproduction.

infection control Flashcards by Melanie B

what is disease

Absence of health

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal
structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or
combination thereof) of the body.

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what is infection

Establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in
a host, resulting in injury to the host.
Caused by pathogenic organisms (a biological
agent that causes disease in its host).

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what 3 things do pathogens do

Multiply
Secrete organic exotoxins (primarily by bacteria) as part of their growth and metabolism
Cause tissue damage

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what are exotoxins

Exotoxins are proteins that cause damage or
dysfunction, by damaging host cell membranes or by
entering target cells and directly altering function.
Exotoxins cause side effects – fever, nausea, vomiting
etc.

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what are the 4 types of pathogens

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasitic protozoa

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what are bacteria

Microscopic, single-celled organisms.
Prokaryotes - lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.
May reside in host as a group or cluster called a colony.
May be classified according to their morphology (size &
shape), biochemistry or genetic constitution.
Medically important bacteria are classified morphologically:
cocci or spheres, bacilli or rods, and spirals.

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what are endospores

Most often produced due to nutritional deprivation.
Metabolically dormant and highly resistant to external environment, chemical and physical agents.
Remain viable for many years and then germinate in response to specific requirements.

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Streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat)

bacterial

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Klebsiella pneumonia (Bacterial pneumonia)

bacterial

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Clostridium botulinum (Food poisoning)

bacterial

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Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonellosis)

bacterial

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how are bacterial infections often treated

antibiotics

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viruses

Microscopic, single celled.
Cannot live outside a living cell - lack components for their own survival;
inability to synthesize specific required proteins
Carry their own DNA or RNA but never both. DNA and RNA are
surrounded by protein coat known as capsid.
Classified by the chemical nature of their nucleic acid, size and symmetry.
Virion (viral particle) attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic
information, and then redirects host cell to produce new viruses.
Not affected by antibiotics.

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HIV1 and HIV 2

viral

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Rhinovirus (Common cold)

vural

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Human Papillomavirus

viral

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Human Papillomavirus causes what

(Warts; Genital Warts, Cervical &
Anal Cancer)

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Epstein-Barr virus (Mononucleosis)

viral

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SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

viral

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what are fungi

Macroscopic or microscopic.
Eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).
Much larger than bacteria
Medically important fungi are dimorphic.
Two forms: yeast aka candida (single celled) or molds
depending on growth conditions.
Classified according to type and method of sexual reproduction.

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what are the 4 fungi classification

superficial
cutaneous
subcutaneous
systemic

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superficial ex

tinea negra
discoloration of palmar or plantar surface

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cutaneous ex

tinea pedia -athletes foot

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systemic ex

Study These Flashcards

systemic candidiasis ie candidemia

what are parasitic protazoa

* Unicellular organisms that are neither plant nor animal. * Larger than bacteria * Eukaryotic * Can ingest food particles, and some are equipped with digestive systems. * Live on or in other organisms at expense of host.

what are the 4 parasitic protazoa classifications

ameboid flagellum cilia sporozoans

ex of 2 parasitic protazoa that form cysts

trichomonas vaginalis plasmodium vivax (malaria)

what is the chain of establishment of infectious diseases

encounter entry spread mulitplication damage outcome

describe encounter

infectious organism interacts with host

describe entry

access through a portal of entry (respiratory, digestive, urinary)

what are the 2 types of entry

ingression (attach to cell surface and excrete toxins) penetration (pathogens invade past the epithelial barrier

describe spread

propagation of IO requires overcoming body's immune defenses

describe multiplication

happens during the incubation period (invasion to noticed by host) exponential growth

describe damage

direct -cell death from destruction or toxin release indirect - caused by alteration fo hosts metabolism

what are the 4 parts of the chain of infection

host infectious microorganism mode of transmission reservoir

describe host

needs portal of entry favourable environment for growth suitable temperatures and pH

what are the 2 modes of tranmission

exogenous and endogenous

how does exogenous transmission occur

droplet (3-5feet) airborne touching a fomite through a vector (insect/animal carrier)

what is the reservoir

site where the organism can remain alive, multiply and where transmissions can occur

what is a reservoir with no symptoms

a carrier

what are 2 types of HAI

nosocomial (facility acquired or at birth) larogenic (from an intervention)

what are 5 sources of HAIs

medical personnel patient flora contaminated health care environments invasive procedures blood-borne pathogens

describe MRSA/VRSA

penicillin resistant colonizes on skin and in nose patients on isolation precautions

describe VRE

normal Flora of GI or skin among immunocompd pts infection in blood, urine, wounds pts isolation precaution

describe Cdiff

caused by antibiotics that disrupt the normal GI diarrhea to colon inflamm spreads through feces and spores can persist for weeks or months pts isolation precaution

what are standard precautions

hand washing PPE

when do you use gloves ppe

contact with blood, fluids contaminated areas, non intact skin

when to wear face protection

anything likely to generate a splash of blood, body fluid, secretions, or excretions

what are 2 common antispetics

alcohol and betadine

what is tier 2 and when is it used

transmission based precautions designed to place a barrier to the spread

what are the contact precautions

gloves and gown

what are the droplet precautions

surgical mask, eye protection, gown & gloves pt wears surgical mask when leaving the room

what are the air-borne precautions

n95 fit tested mask pt wears surgical mask negative pressure isolation room

what is the sequence to PPE removal

gloves face shield and goggles gown cap mask

what are the five moments for hand hygiene

* Before touching a patient * Before a clean aseptic procedure * After body fluid exposure risk * After touching a patient * After touching patient surroundings

what are 3 airbornes

measles varicella tuberculosis

what are 3 droplet exmaples

influenza meningitis bordetella pertusis

what are contact precautions examples

MRSA VRE Cdiff

infection control Flashcards

(58 cards)