Infection Control Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
What is an infection?
A
an invasion of the body/part of body by a pathogenic agent producing an injurious effect
2
Q
What are pathogens?
Include Examples of Pathogens
A
microorganisms capable of causing disease
Ex:
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Virus
- Parasite
3
Q
What are three ways you can categorize bacteria ?
A
- By Shape
- By Staining
- By Oxygen Requirement for growth
4
Q
What are the different shapes of bacteria?
A
- Cocci (spherical)
- Bacilli (rod-shaped)
- Spirochetes (corkscrew)
5
Q
What are the different types of gram staining for bacteria?
A
- Gram-Positive: Thick cell wall (Stains Violet)
- Gram-Negative: Complex cell wall (do not stain)
5
Q
What are the different types of oxygen needs for bacteria?
A
- Aerobic (need oxygen)
- Anaerobic (can live without oxygen)
5
Q
Funal infections are typically ________ to treatment.
A
resistant
6
Q
What is the most prevalent pathogen in the hospital?
A
Bacteria
6
Q
What are fungi?
Name examples of Fungi?
A
- Plant-like organisms (mold and yeast) found in air, soil, and water
- Ex: Ringworm, Athletes foot
7
Q
What are viruses?
Name some examples of Viruses.
A
Smallest of all microorganisms (needs to be seen with electron microscope)
- Ex: Covid-19, Comon Cold, Hep. A/B/C, HIV
8
Q
What are parasites?
Name examples of Parasites
A
- Organisms that live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment
- Protozoa (Malaria, Taxoplasmosis)
- Helminths (worms, flatworms, round)
9
Q
What are oppurtunistic pathogens?
Name an example of oppurtunistic pathogens.
A
- microorganisms that may become pathogenic in certain circumstances
- Ex: E. coli in intestine moves to the urinary tract, and now PT has UTI
10
Q
What is virulence?
Name an example of Virulence
A
- Degree of pathogenicity; increased ability to produce disease
- Ex: COVID-19 continues to mutate = more virulent
11
Q
What are the causes Health-care associated infections?
A
caused by organisms acquired from other people (exogenous) or organisms from microbial life within a person (endogenous)
11
Q
What are Health-care associated infections?
A
an infection acquired in the hospital during the course of treatment for other infections; anything acquired after 72hr of admission
12
Q
Compare Nosocomial Infections & Iatrogenic infections
A
Nosocomial (Simialr to HAI):
- Infection taking place/originating while in hospital
Iatrogenic Infectios:
- Acquired as a direct result of treatment/procedure
- Ex: Indwelling foley catheter can cause a SEVERE catheter associated UTI (CAUTI)
13
Q
What is Cleansing?
A
Soap and water; Wear gloves
14
Q
What is Disinfecting?
A
Usign chemical preparations to destroy pathogenic organisms except SPORES
14
Q
What is Sterilizing?
A
destorys all microorganisms including spores via moist heat, gas, radiation
15
Q
What are the 3 factors affecting an organism’s potential to produce disease?
A
- # of organisms/virulence
- Competece of PT immune system
- Length, intimacy of contact b/w human, pathogen
16
Q
Describe Chain of Reaction:
Infectious Agent
(Description, Intervention)
A
Description:
- Pathogen that causes infection
- (Bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite)
Intervention:
- HH
- Sterilization
- Antimicrobial drugs
17
Q
Describe Chain of Infection:
Reservoir
(Description, Intervention)
A
Description:
- Where the infectious agent lives/multiplies
- (human, water, soil, milk, animals, fomites)
Intervention:
- Transmission-Based Precautions
- Sterilization/Disposable supplies
18
Q
Describe Chain of Infection:
Portal of Exit
(from reservoir)
(Description, Intervention)
A
Description:
- How infectious agent leaves the reservoir
- (broken skin, mucous membrane, GI, GU, RT, blood/tissue)
Intervention:
- HH
- PPE (Gloves if contact w body fluids)
- Cover nose/mouth when sneezing
- Dry intact dressing
19
Q
Describe Chain of Infection:
Means of Transmission
(Description, Intervention)
A
Description:
- Direct Contact
- Indirect Contact (fomites, airborne/droplet, vectors)
Intervention:
- HH
- Pesticides
- Adequate refrigerations
20
**Describe Chain of Infection:**
Portal of Entry
(Description, Intervention)
**Description:**
- How infectious agent enters susceptible host
- (broken skin, mucous membranes, GI, GU, RT, blood/tissue)
**Intervention:**
- HH
- PPE
- Proper disposal of needles/sharps
21
**Describe Chain of Infection:**
Susceptible Host
(Description, Intervention)
**Description:**
- Person at risk for infection
- (ex: elderly/very young, immunocompromised, ill)
**Intervention:**
- Immunization
- Screen healthcare staff
22
Compare Direct Contact vs. Indirect Contact
**Direct Contact:**
- infection person/carrier tranmission to susceptible host via touching, biting, scratching, etc
**Indirect Contact:**
- contact with any contaminated substance/object (ex: fomite)
23
Airborne Transmission
Small droplets (less than 5 μm), long distance
24
Droplet Transmission
Large droplets (greater than 5 μm), 3 ft
25
Vector Transmission
## Footnote
What are example of Vectors?
What diseases do they transmit?
Athropods; living creatures that transmit an infectious agent to a human, usually insects
- Malaria and West Nile Virus (mosquitos), Lyme Disease (ticks)
26
What are the four stages of infection?
- **I**ncubation Period
- **P**rodromal Period
- **F**ull Stage of Illness
- **C**onvalescent Period
## Footnote
**I**
**P**LAY
**F**ORTNITE
**C**ONSTANTLY
27
What occurs during Incubation Period?
- Pathogens enter and multiply
- PT is asymptomatic
- Length of Incubation period varies:
-> Covid-19: 2-14 days
-> Cold: 1-2 days
-> Tetanus: 2-21 days
28
What occurs in the Prodromal Phase?
Nonspecific/vague SXS, like fever, malasise, and fatigue
29
Patients are the most contagious during the ________ ________.
Prodromal Phase
30
What occurs during the Full Stage of Illness?
Specific SXS develop, manisfesting as local or systemic responses
31
What occurs during the Convalescent Period?
- The PT recovers
- S/XS of the illness disappear
- PT returns to their pre-illness state
32
What is Innate (Native/Non-specific) Immunity?
## Footnote
What two groups make up Innate (Native/Non-specific) Immunity?
**Innate Immunity:** restrict entry of foreign antigen via activation of phagocytosis, complement, inflammation and has no immunological memory
- Physiologic
- Inflammatory
33
Name the components of Physiologic Barriers.
- Mucus
- Macrophages
- Intact Skin (first line of defence)
- Cilia
- Gastric Activity
- Normal Flora
- Flush of Urine
34
What is the Inflammatory Response of Innate Immunity?
defensive response to injury and infection and aims to destroy microorganisms, prevent spread, and promote repair
35
Describe the process of the Vascular and Cellular stage of an Inflammatory Response
**Vascular Stage:**
- Small BV constrict -> vasodilation of arterioles/venules -> increased blood flow -> results in redness and heat. Histamine is released, increasing vessel permeability, which allows protein-rich fluid to pour into the area, causing swelling, pain, and loss of function
**Cellular Stage:**
- Neutrophils (phagocytes) move to the area -> engulf organisms and consume cell debris.
Exudate, which may be clear (serous), contain red blood cells (sanguineous), or contain pus (purulent), is released from the wound. Damaged cells are then repaired by regeneration or scar tissue formation
36
What is Adaptive Immunity?
## Footnote
What types of immunity make up Adaptive Immunity?
Body makes Ab in response to Ag and has immunological memory
- Humoral Immunity
- Cell Mediated Immunity
37
Compare Humoral Immunity vs Cell Mediated Immunity
## Footnote
Include Cell Types and Mechanism of Action
**Humoral Immunity**
- Cell Type: Involves B- Lymphocyes
- MOA: Produces specific Ab against Ag (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)
- Ag-Ab (immune) complex formed and eliminated from body
**Cell Mediated Immunity**
- Cell Type: Involves T-lymphocyte (Helper T Cell; Cytotoxic T Cell)
- MOA: Increase # of lymphocytes and destroy cells (APC/Macrophages)
38
Compare Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity:
**Active Immunity:** Ab produce in response to Ag (immunization)
**Passive Immunity:** Ab produced by external source (moms Ab pass through placenta/breast milk)
39
What are the S/SX of Inflammation (Infection)
- Pain
- Heat
- Swelling (edema)
- Redness (erythema)
- Impaired Fxn
40
Describe Isolation Precautions:
**Airborne Precautions**
(Pathogen size, Transmission Method, Diseases, PPE, Room Precautions, Transport Precautions, Visitor Precautions)
**Pathogen Size:**
- Small (less than 5 μm), long distance
**Transmission Method:**
- Infected person cough, sneezes, talks, and droplet nuclie (reidual particles float in air)
**Diseases:**
**MTV**
- Measles (Rubeola)
- TB
- Varicella (Chickenpox)
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
- Covid-19
- Smallpox
- SARS
**PPE:**
- N95 ALWAYS + any additional PPE necessary (standard PPE)
**Room Precautions:**
- Private room
- Negative air pressure:
-> 𝚫6-12 air-change/hr (AIIR)
- Direct exhaust outside OR HEPA filtration if air recirculated
**Transport Precautions:**
- Limit transport
-> PT must wear surgical mask if leaving
**Visitor Precautions:**
- Visitor must wear PPE, including Mask
41
Describe Isolation Precautions:
**Droplet Precautions**
(Pathogen size, Transmission Method, Diseases, PPE, Room Precautions, Transport Precautions, Visitor Precautions)
**Pathogen Size:**
- Large (greater than 5μm)
- short distance (3ft)
**Transmission Method:**
- Infected person cough, sneezes, talks
**Diseases:**
**PIMP**
- Pneumonia
-> Adenovirus
-> Influenza Type B
-> Streptococcus Type A
- Influenza
- Meningitis
- Mumps
- Pertusis (whooping cough)
- Diptheria
- Rubella (German Measles)
- SARS
**PPE:**
- Wear surgical mask at all times + any additional PPE necessary (standard precaution)
**Room Precautions:**
- Private room or group with people that have same DZ
- Door can stay open
**Transport Precautions:**
- Limit transport
-> PT must wear surgical mask if leaving
**Visitor Precautions:**
- Keep visitor and infected person 3 ft away
41
Describe Isolation Precautions:
**Contact Precautions**
(Transmission Method, Diseases, PPE, Room Precautions)
**Pathogen Size:**
- X
**Transmission Method:**
- Direct/Indirect Contact
**Diseases:**
**Used on PT with MDRO**
- Covid-19
- MRSA
- C. diff
- VRE
- CRE
- CRAB
- Norovirus
- Rotovirus
**PPE:**
- Gloves and gown ALWYS + follow standard precautions
- Disposable PPE (BP cuff & Stethoscope)
- Hand hygiene for diarrhea (C. diff): SOAP AND WATER ONLY
**Room Precautions:**
- Private room OR Group w PT of same DZ
**Transport Precautions:**
- X
**Visitor Precautions:**
- X
42
Describe Isolation Intervention:
**Protective Environment**
(Diseases, PPE, Room Precautions, Transport Precautions, Visitor Precautions)
## Footnote
What are protective enviroments also known as?
**Pathogen Size:**
**Transmission Method:**
**Diseases:**
- Protects PTS who are not infectious but high susceptible to get infection (immunocompromised)
**PPE:**
- Follow hospital protocols (have on proper PPE before entering protective environment)
**Room Precautions:**
- Private room
- Positive airflow ; 𝚫12+ air exchange/hr
- HEPA filtration for incoming air
**Transport Precautions:**
- Mask required if PT if out of room
**Visitor Precautions:**
- Restricted visits (do not bring flowers/gifts)
**AKA:**
- Reverse Ioslation
- Neutropenic Precaution
43
What are Standard Precautions?
- Precautions used for every PT at ALL times when in contact with body fluids/secretions (except perspiration), broken skin, mucous membranes
-> Routine disinfection/cleaning procedures (?)
-> May require additional PPE: Hand hygiene, Mask/Gloves/Gown (if necessary), etc
44
What are the new additoins to Standard Precautions?
- Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
- Safe injection practices
- Wear a mask during spinal canal punctures
45
Describe Infection Control for:
**Covid-19**
(Precaution Type, Room Precautions, Transport Precaustions, Visitor Precautions)
**Type of Precautions:**
- Use Standard Precautions, Airbone Precautions, and Contact Precautions
-> Include eye ptotection
**Room Precautions:**
- Adequate ventilated single rooms/wards
- If single rooms not available, suspected Covid-19 PT should be grouped together with beds atleast 1 meter apart
**Transport Precautions:**
- Place facemask on suspected PT
**Visitor Precautions:**
- Management/exclusion
46
Provide Examples of Blood-Borne pathogens
- HIV
- Hep B/C
- MRSA
- Syphillis
- Malaria
47
Describe Blood-Borne Disease:
**Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)**
(Mode of Transmission, Treatment, Prevention)
**Mode of Tranmission:**
**Parenteral Contact**
- Infected blood & blood products
- Contaminated needles
- Transplacental
- Sexual contact
**Treatment:**
- Supportive TX with acute hepatitis
**Prevention:**
- HBV vaccine given at 0, 1, & 6 months
- Use PPE
48
Describe Blood-Borne Disease:
**Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)**
(Mode of Transmission, Treatment, Prevention)
**Mode of Tranmission:**
**Parenteral Contact**
- Skin breaking Activities
-> (tattooing, unsterilized equipment)
- Infected blood & blood products
- Contaminated needles
- Transplacental
- Sexual contact
**Treatment:**
- Supportive TX
- If liver failure occurs
-> TX: Interferon and Ribavirin
--> If condition worsens:
---> Liver Transplant
**Prevention:**
- No Vaccine
- Use PPE
49
Describe Blood-Borne Disease:
**Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)**
(Mode of Transmission, Treatment, Prevention)
**Mode of Tranmission:**
**Parenteral Contact**
- Bodily fluids
- Unteriled Equipment
- Exposure to cuts/scratches on hands
- Infected blood & blood products
- Contaminated needles
- Transplacental
- Sexual contact
**Treatment:**
- Anti-retrovirals
- Nucleoside reeverse transcriptase inhibitors
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
- Protease inhibitors
- CCR5
- Other TX
**Prevention:**
- No Vaccine
- Use PPE
50
Measures to Prevent Blood-Borne Pathogen Exposure:
**Standard Precautions**
- Hand Hyigiene/PPE
- Safe Injection Practices:
-> Use single dose vials
-> Use disposable needles & syringes
--> avoid recapping needles
-> Prevent contamination of injection eq. & medication
--> place needles/sharps/scaples in puncture-resistant containers
- Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Ettiquette
-> Use resuscitation bags
51
Post-Exposure Management for Blood-Borne Pathogen:
**HBV, HCV, HIV**
- Wash off contaminated area
- Report incident to immediate supervisor
- Follow hospital policy for exposure
- Begin TX if indicated:
**HBV**
-> TX: ASAP, No later than 7 days
-> Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (alone or with Hep. B Vaccine)
**HCV**
-> No TX
**HIV**
-> Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after high risk exposure
--> Discuss with physician
--> Start within 72 hours, Lasts 4 weeks
52
Post-Exposure Management for Blood-Borne Pathogen:
Needlestick
wash area with soap and water
53
Post-Exposure Management for Blood-Borne Pathogen:
**Splashes**
- Flush nose, mouth and skin with water
- Irragate eyes with clean water, sterile saline, or sterile irrigants
54
**T/F:**
You want to discard gloves outside of PT room.
FALSE
55
**T/F**
Hand Hygiene is optional after removing gloves.
FALSE.
- Hand hygiene must be performed after removing gloves
56
Gowns should be used when your uniform is likely to be _______.
soiled
57
What mask should be used for Airborne Transmitted DZ? Droplet Tranmitted DZ?
**Airborne:**
- N95
**Droplet:**
- Surgical Mask
58
Goggles are used if ____ may occur.
splatters
59
Faceshields are used for ____ and other ______.
splatters; hazards
60
When disposing of soiled biohazard equipment, you should________, ________ if its leaking, use ________ for body secretions and place in ________ containers
- bag
- double-bag
- red biohazard bags
- designated
61
List the supporting defenses for a Susceptible Host
- Hygiene (skin care, bathing, oral hygiene)
- Healthy Nutriton
- Fluid (promote circulation, esp UTI)
- Rest, sleep, decrease stress
- Exercise
- Immunizations
-
