Infection Control and Isolation

Question 1

What is chain of infection?

Answer 1

How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne

Question 2

What is infectious agent?

Answer 2

Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion

Question 3

What is reservoir?

Answer 3

Is the habitat of the infectious agent, a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate

Question 4

What is portal of exit?

Answer 4

Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir

Question 5

What are modes of transmission?

Answer 5

How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne.

Question 6

What is portal of entry?

Answer 6

Any body orifice–for example, ears, nose, mouth, or skin–that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act.

Question 7

What is a susceptible host?

Answer 7

Required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection. Not everyone who is exposed to an infectious agent will get ill. Some people never exhibit manifestations at all but can become colonized (temporarily or permanently) with the infectious agent.

Question 8

What are virulent?

Answer 8

Term to describe how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill.

Question 9

What are some Factors That Increase Host Susceptibility?

Answer 9

Age
Underlying diseaseHIV/AIDS
Malignancy
Transplants
Medications: immunosuppressants, antirejection medications, antineoplastics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, gastric suppressants (e.g., proton pump inhibitors)
Surgical procedures
Radiation therapy
Indwelling devices: endotracheal tubes, urinary catheters, central venous catheters, arterial catheters, and implants such as pacemakers and artificial joints

Question 10

What is direct contact transmission?

Answer 10

Occurs when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person.

Question 11

What is indirect contact transmission?

Answer 11

Occurs when microorganisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two.

Question 12

What is personal protective equipment?

Answer 12

Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. This equipment may include masks, eye protection, gown, gloves, and hair caps. Equipment that should be put on (donned) prior to client interactions to prevent the spread of infectious organisms; can include gloves, gowns, masks, eye and face protection, and shoe covers.

Question 13

what is donned?

Answer 13

Put on

Question 14

What is droplet transmission?

Answer 14

Occurs when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (ex. nurse, other client, healthcare worker)

Question 15

What is Airborne transmission?

Answer 15

Occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person.

Question 16

What is Vehicle transmission?

Answer 16

Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water.

Question 17

What is vector-borne transmission?

Answer 17

Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent.

Question 18

What is Nonspecific immunity?

Answer 18

Comprised of neutrophils and macrophages and their work as phagocytes.

Question 19

What is Phagocytes?

Answer 19

Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm.

Question 20

What is Specific immunity?

Answer 20

The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.

Question 21

What is inflammatory response?

Answer 21

Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack.

Question 22

What are Infectious Triggers?

Answer 22

Viruses
Bacteria
Other micro-organisms

Question 23

What are Noninfectious Triggers?

Answer 23

Physical: burns, frostbite, injury, foreign bodies, trauma, radiation
Chemical: glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, irritants (e.g., fluoride, nickel)
Biological: damaged cells
Psychological: excitement

Question 24

What are stages of infection?

Answer 24

incubation, prodromal, acute illness, period of decline, and period of convalescence.

Question 25

What is incubation?

Answer 25

First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans.

Question 26

What is prodromal?

Answer 26

Stage of infection when client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates.

Question 27

What is acute illness?

Answer 27

Third stage of infection where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe.

Question 28

What is period of decline?

Answer 28

Fourth stage of infection when manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases.

Question 29

What is period of convalescence?

Answer 29

Fifth and last stage of infection when client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health.

Question 30

What are Local infections?

Answer 30

Are confined to one area of the body.

Question 31

What are Systemic infections

Answer 31

Start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system.

Question 32

What is Hand hygiene?

Answer 32

Washing your hands with antibacterial soap and water, using alcohol-based gel or foam, or surgical scrub.

Question 33

What are types of Antiseptic Agents?

Answer 33

Alcohols Chlorhexidine Chlorine Chloroxylenol (parachlorometaxylenol [PCMX]) HexachloropheneIodine/iodophors Quaternary ammonium compounds Triclosan

Question 34

What is Medical asepsis?

Answer 34

Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces.

Question 35

What is surgical asepsis?

Answer 35

Includes techniques that ensures the sterility of items that will come in contact with the client, through use of equipment such as sterile gloves, in order to prevent pathogen transfer to the client.

Question 36

What is Sterilization?

Answer 36

Cleaning instruments so that all micro-organisms, including bacterial spores are eradicated.

Question 37

What are Sterile fields?

Answer 37

Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated.

Question 38

What is Disinfection?

Answer 38

Cleans instruments so that almost all micro-organisms are eradicated, but not all. There are two levels of disinfection: high-level and low-level.

Question 39

What are Standard precautions?

Answer 39

Infection prevention practices and these apply to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent.

Question 40

What are contact precautions?

Answer 40

Precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body secretions; requires a minimum of gown and gloves prior to client interactions.

Question 41

What are droplet precautions?

Answer 41

Don a mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with a client.

Question 42

What are airborne precautions?

Answer 42

Used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through the air should don an N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client.

Question 43

What are airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)?

Answer 43

Single client rooms built with special air handling and ventilation to provide a negative pressure (relative to the surrounding area, such as the hall or neighboring rooms). Also referred to as a negative pressure room.

Question 44

protective isolation

Answer 44

Used during approximately the first 100 days after the transplant, specific engineering and hospital designs that decrease the risk of environmental fungi to the client who had HSCT.