^infection control & isolation

Question 1

Chain of infection

Answer 1

is a sequence of factors needed for an infection to occur.

Question 2

Sequence of chain of infection

Answer 2

Infectious Agent : the virus/bacteria/fungi, parasite prion
Reservoir: object, person (where it lives)
Portal of exit: wound drainage, droplet
Mode of transmission: contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, vector-borne transmission
Portal of exit: mouth nose
Susceptible host: pt with immune disorder

Question 3

virulent

Answer 3

describes how efficient an infectious agent is at making the person ill

Question 4

droplet transmission

Answer 4

when infectious droplet from a client travel through the air and come in contact with mucosa of a host. (sneezing, coughing, singing, talking)

Question 5

Airborne transmission

Answer 5

occurs when a small particles move into the airspace of another person ex TB flu measles

Question 6

Vehicle transmission

Answer 6

transmission of infectious agent to various individual through a common source. EX: contaminated food water

Question 7

vector borne transmission

Answer 7

transmission agents through animals (insects rodents)

Question 8

droplet transmission example

Answer 8

a pt who has respiratory infection sneezes without covering the nose or mouth. a person a few feet away become infected when large mucus particles land in their mouth

Question 9

Indirect contact transmission example

Answer 9

a client cough on their hand touches a door handle. another person touches the same door handle and becomes infected with the same pathogens as the client

Question 10

airborne transmission example

Answer 10

a nurse enters a room where a pts who has respiratory infection was present several hours. the nurse inhales small particles that remain in the air and develops an infection

Question 11

direct contact transmission example

Answer 11

a nurse touches the wound of a client with a infected drainage wound

Question 12

bodies three specific types of defenses are

Answer 12

chemical barriers
nonspecific immunity
specific immunity

Question 13

largest body organ

Answer 13

the skin

Question 14

the skin performs three major function

Answer 14

reduce water loss
protects against abrasion and micro-organisms
-provide a permeable barrier against the environment

Question 15

non specific immunity

Answer 15

is maintained by neutrophils and macrophages (both are WBC) work as phagocytes

Question 16

Phagocytes

Answer 16

eat and destroy micro organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm

Question 17

Specific immunity

Answer 17

refers to the work of antibodies (immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes.

Question 18

Antibodies

Answer 18

bind to infectious agent and activate the white blood cells and complement to destroy the infectious agent

Question 19

Inflammatory response

Answer 19

body’s natural defense that is activated when the body is injured, when foreign substance are present or infectious agent attack

Question 20

Basic steps of inflammation are

Answer 20

• recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors
• activation of inflammatory pathway
• release of inflammatory marker
• recruitment of inflammatory cells

Question 21

manifestation of swelling

Answer 21

heat
redness
swelling 
pain
loss of function

Question 22

Inflammatory response in order

Answer 22

• bacteria invade
• histamine, kinins, prostaglandins arrive at the site (call WBC to site)
• Plasma from blood enters the site
• Phagocytosis occurs
• pus develops

Question 23

protective mechanism symptoms of inflammation

Answer 23

erythema
edema
pain
heat

Question 24

Stages of infection

Answer 24

• Incubation: first infected no symptoms
• Prodromal: initial manifestation (fever , aches)
• acute illness: infection is severe
• period of decline: manifestation start to subside
• period of convalescence: return to balance state of health

Question 25

types of infection

Answer 25

local infection: one area of the body | systemic infection: start local --> move into the bloodstream and spreads through body

Question 26

types of infection

Answer 26

- local infection: one area of the body | - systemic infection: start local --> move into the bloodstream and spreads through body

Question 27

hand washing

Answer 27

15-30 seconds

Question 28

antimicrobials are used with what?

Answer 28

water

Question 29

Antiseptics

Answer 29

are solution agents use to cleanse the skin

Question 30

Examples of antiseptics

Answer 30

``` alcohols chlorhexidine chlorine hexachlorophene iodine triclosan ```

Question 31

medical asepsis

Answer 31

clean technique | decreases the number of micro organism to spread

Question 32

Surgical asepsis

Answer 32

techniques used during surgery. sterility of items.

Question 33

Surgical asepsis

Answer 33

techniques used during surgery. sterility of items.

Question 34

Sterilization

Answer 34

involves cleaning instruments so that all micro organisms including bacterial spores are eradicated

Question 35

sterile fields

Answer 35

are created to assure that the smallest number of micro organisms possible are present

Question 36

to prepare a sterile field:

Answer 36

peel back first flap AWAY from body fist - side flaps - flap closest to the nurse

Question 37

disinfestation

Answer 37

cleans instruments so that almost all micro organisms are eradicated but not all

Question 38

standard precaution

Answer 38

infection prevention practices applied to all clients

Question 39

contact precaution

Answer 39

precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact

Question 40

contact precaution

Answer 40

precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact -minimum gown and gloves prior to client interactions

Question 41

Infection control bundles

Answer 41

guidelines for practice that are bundled together in an effort to preven HAI

Question 42

Examples of HAI

Answer 42

- CAUTI: Catheter associated UTI - CLABSI: Central line bloodstream Infection - SSI: Surgical- site infection - VAP: Ventilator-assisted pneumonias

Question 43

closed glove technique

Answer 43

used to don sterile gloves using surgical asepsis after the individual has performed a surgical hand scrub and donned a sterile gown. hands are kept inside the sterile gown until gloves are donned

Question 44

open gloved technique

Answer 44

involves donning sterile gloves with hands

Question 45

expected WBC

Answer 45

5,000to10,000/mm3

Question 46

five types of WBC

Answer 46

``` Neutrophilic lymphocytes monocytes basophils eosinophils ```