Infection, Inflammation, Innate & Specific Immune Responses Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Does bacteria go into a cell nucleus?
A
no
2
Q
Do viruses go into a cell nucleus?
A
yes
3
Q
What does the intestinal flora help do for the body?
A
Synthesize vit K
4
Q
Non-specific inflammatory response example
A
fever & Inflammation
5
Q
Specific inflammatory response example
A
Antigen-Antibody response
6
Q
How fast does a Non-specific inflammatory response occur?
A
Immediate
7
Q
How fast does a specific inflammatory response occur
A
develops slowly
8
Q
What type of cells are involved in a specific inflammatory response
A
specific cells to combat a particular pathogen
9
Q
antibody (immunoglobulin)
A
protein that neutralizes pathogens to get them out of the body
10
Q
Antigen
A
A toxin
11
Q
Non-specific mechanical first line of defense examples
A
skin, mucus membranes, urine, pooping, vomiting
12
Q
non-specific: chemical factors: first line of defense examples
A
acid pH of skin, Lysozymes, gastric juice, unsaturated fatty acids
13
Q
Lysozymes
A
an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria
14
Q
Non-specific: internal defenses: second line defense
A
antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever
15
Q
Phagocytes
A
WBC that can ingest & destroy microorganisms
16
Q
Complement system
A
group of 20 proteins circulating in the blood looking for invaders
17
Q
Interferons
A
WBC communicators, proteins produced by WBC when the immune response is triggered
18
Q
Function of lymph nodes
A
proliferation (increase) of immune cells, filter lymph fluid & remove bacteria/toxins from circulation
19
Q
Thymus function & location
A
produces t-lymphocytes, located in mediastinum
20
Q
spleen function
A
reservoir for blood, largest lymph organ, carries platelets
21
Q
tonsils function
A
produce lymphocytes, gaurd against airborne & ingested pathogens
22
Q
red bone marrow function
A
houses stem cells that develop into lymphocytes
23
Q
B cell function and where they are made
A
split into plasma cells that make antibodies and memory b cells; made in the bone marrow
24
Q
where are T cells made
A
Made in the thymus
25
Tissue macrophages function
clean up blood
26
examples of tissue mactophages
Lung: alveolar macrophages, Liver: Kupffer's cells, spleen, lymph node, intestine: Peyer patches, CNS: microglial cells
27
Granulocytes examples
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
"polys" or "segs"
28
Neutrophils
fight infection by phagocytosis (engulfing miccroorganisms), most common type of WBC,
29
Phagocytosis
the process of engulfing and destroying microorganisms and other foriegn materal
30
The 3 Phagocytes
Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
31
What do granulocytes release?
Heparin and histimine
32
Bands
baby neutophils
33
Basophils & Eosinophils respond to what kind of infections?
respond to parasitic & allergic infections
34
Agranulocytes examples
Monocytes, lymphocytes
35
Lymphocyte examples
B-cells and T-cells
36
Lymphocytes respond to which type of diseases?
viral
37
Monocytes function and respond to which type of infections?
take over for neutrophils, respond to severe infections
38
Relative WBC
percentage
39
Absolute WBC
actual number
40
Aboslute value equals what?
Absolute value = % x WBC
41
Relative WBC values will always equal what?
100% (If one type of cell increases then the other types must decrease
42
Which count is more important? Relative of absolute?
Absolute
43
Terminology: Increased value of WBC
"cytosis" except & "philia"
44
Terminology: Decreased value of WBC
"penia"
45
What can cause a low WBC count?
Attack on bone marrow
dietary deficiencies
autoimmune diseases
46
What does it mean if there is a drastic decrease in WBC count?
bone marrow failure & risk for infection
47
Do newborns & infants have a high or low WBC count?
high
48
How are the elderly affected by WBC count?
They may not have an increase in WBC with a severe infection
49
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
rate that RBC's settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour
50
C-Reactive protein (CRP)
an abnormal protein made in the liver, it occurs rapidly
51
What kind of cell wall does Gram + cocci have?
a THICK peptidoglycan cell wall, soak up purple stain
52
Gram + Cocci examples
Staph aureus, staph epidermidisstrep pna, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
53
Where are Staph aureus & Staph epidermidis found?
wounds, surgical sites, indwelling catheters
54
Where is strep pna found?
community acquired pna, adult bacterial meningitis
55
Example of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
rheumatic fever
56
What kind of a cell wall do a Gram - pathogens have? and what are they impermeable to?
A protective outer coat (lipopolysaccharide + transmembrane protein pores) that are impermeable to penicillin's & cephalosporins
57
Gram - examples
Escherichia, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, most noscomial infections
58
Anaerobes are made from which gram? + or -?
both
59
Anaerobe examples
Bactericides fragilis, CDIFF
60
"itis"
inflammation
61
Does colonization (presence of microorganisms) cause inflammation?
No
62
What initiates the inflammatory process?
cell injury
63
can you be hypoxic without having ischemia?
yes
64
Can you have ischemia without being hypoxic?
no
65
signs of inflammation
rubor (red), calor (heat, Dolor (pain), Tumor (swelling), Functio laesa
66
rubor
red
67
calor
heat
68
Dolor
pain
69
Tumor
swelling
70
Functio laesa
Loss of function
71
Leukocyte emigration
the passage of leukocytes through the endothelial gap junctions of blood vessels
72
Leukocyte Margination
increases expression of adhesion of molecules so they can get to where they need to go to
73
Chemotaxis
The process by which leukocytes (WBC, phagocytes)wander through the bloodstream and our attracted to chemical signals brought on by an inflammatory response
74
During inflammation, what happens on a vascular level?
arteriolar vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation (brings back O2) which produces swelling & erythema & hyperemia
75
What happens to the capillary permeability during an inflammatory response?
It increases causing swelling and dilutes toxins
76
Who are the first responders in an inflammatory response?
Neutrohils (24 hr life)
77
When do macrophages respond in an inflammatory response
after 48 hours, they do more work than neutrphils
78
Mast cell function
release heparin to maintain blood flow to area
79
5 steps in the phagocytosis process
1) Attachment
2) Ingestion
3) Fusion of the lysosome & phagosome
4) Digestion
5) Release of digested products
80
Histamine is released by
Basophils, platelets & mast cells
81
What else does Histamine stimulate?
Bronchoconstriction (H1 receptors) & Gastric acid secretion (H2 receptors)
82
What is the purpose of vasodilation in an inflammatory response?
to increase blood flow and increase capillary permeability
83
Kinins function
an inflammatory mediator that:
1) increases capillary permeability
2) induces vasodilation
3) act as chemotatic agents for phagocytes
84
Kinin example
Bradykinin ---> increases capillary permeability & causes pain
85
How are Kinins formed?
from inactive precursors (proteins that are inactive and can be turned on), kininogens, in blood
86
What do Prostaglandins do? what are they?
- Inflammatory Mediator made from lipids -They cause fever in response to infection,
- stimulate pain receptors, increase effects of histamine & Kinins
87
What are prostaglandins blocked by?
NSAIDs
88
What are prostaglandins produced by
arachodonic acid found in cell membranes
89
what are Leukotrienes produced by?
basophils & mast cells during breakdown of membrane phospholipds
90
What is the key role in bonchoconstriction in asthma? Its associated with leukotrienes
SRSA- slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis
91
What are Leukotrienes at their function
They are Inflammatory Mediators
- increase vascular permeability
- increase adhesion of WBC to capillary during injury/infection
- Acts as chemo-attractants
92
What are complements?
Inflammatory Mediators
| -consist of 20 circulating proteins
93
What is the function of complements?
Increase:
- Vascular permeability
- Chemostasis
- Phagocytosis
- Lysis of foreign cells
94
Where do Platelet Activating Factors come from and what are they?
made from a complex lipid in cell membranes. They are inflammatory mediators
95
Platelet activating factors function
- Induces PLT aggregation (put together)
- Activates neutrophils
- Potent eosinophil chemo-attractant
96
Non-inflammatory cells
fibroblasts & endothelial cells
97
Cytokines function
proteins produced by different cell types to bind to receptors to remove
98
another name for Interleukin
Cytokines
99
non-inflammatory cells
fibroblasts & endothelial cells
100
Cytokines: ILs
activates t-cells and induces fever
101
Cytokines: IF-y
induces MHC 1 and 2, activates macrophages & endothelial cells
102
Cytokines: TNF
cytokine for tumor cells
103
Cytokines: CSF
promotes neutrophilic, eosinophilic and macrophage bone marrow colonies, activates mature granulocytes
104
chemical mediator for Leukocytosis
TNF and IL-8
105
chemical mediator for Fever
IL-1 and IL-6
106
chemical mediator for Pain
prostaglandins & bradykinin
107
chemical mediator for chemotaxis
complement fragments
108
chemical mediator for Tissue damage
lysosomal enzymes & products released from neutrophils, & macrophages
109
chemical mediator for swelling, redness & tissue warmth
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, bradykinin, platelet-activating factor
110
what does an Abscess look like?
inflammation with purulent exudate
111
what does an ulceration look like?
inflammation where epithelial surface has become necrotic &eroded
112
what happens in an acute inflammation response is unsuccessful at riding the body of invading foreign particles?
chronic inflammation & granuloma formation
113
Granuloma formation examples
1. ) 1-2mm lesions
2. ) foreign bodies such as splinters
3. ) giant cells engulf large foreign particles
4. ) "cheesy" necrotic center from TB
114
What happens in the acute phase inflammatory response when WBC proteins are broken down?
negative nitrogen balance
115
During an acute inflammatory response during bacterial infections, what is increased?
of leukocytes, neutrophilia (shift to left)
116
Lymphadenopathy
increase in size of lymph nodes
117
Lymphadenitis
tender lymph nodes/inflammed
118
non-painful lymph nodes=what
neoplasms
119
what will patients temp be like after surgery
low grade for first 48-72 hours
120
Fever coming from outside
hyperthermia
121
pyrogens
fever producers
122
Endogenous pyrogens stimulate the release of PgE (prostaglandin E) from where?
hypothalmus
123
Endogenous pyrogens are produced where? examples
from within the the cell; malignancies, graft rejections
124
Exogenous pyrogens are produced where? examples
from outside the cell; fungus, endotoxins, gram +/- bacteria
125
stages of fever: prodromal
before fever; malaise, feeling achy
126
stages of fever: stage 1
cold or shaking stage, occurs 10-40 min w/ rapid steady rise of temp b/c of shaking
127
stages of fever: stage 2
flush; thermostat reset, skin warm and flushed---> cellular dehydration occurs
128
stages of fever: stage 3
defervescence (heat loss), sweating occurs-fever breaks
129
patterns of fever: intermittent
returns to normal at least q24hr
130
patterns of fever: remittent
varies a few degrees in either direction
131
Fever of unknown origin
temp >101 present for ?3 weeks
132
what are causes of fevers of unknown origin
malignancies, infections & cirrhosis
133
apoptosis
ability to program cell dealth for the good of the person
134
Hapten &Hapten-carrier complex
penicillin binding to plasma protein example
135
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1:
it can differentiate self from non self, on all nucleated cells in body
136
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) 2
They present the antigen to helper t-cells- "here it it-take it away!"
137
AKA Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
4 linked groups of genes on chromosome 6
138
Who gets AKA Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
receive a set (haplotype)from each parent
139
who has issues with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?
patients with transplants
140
processing of antigens
```
ingestion
digestion
fusion
binding
insertion
```
141
main responders to viral infections
lymphocytes (B & T-cells)
142
regulatory lymphocytes
coordinate & organize calling to battle
143
effector lymphocytes
final stage in immune response, raise alarm by releasing cytokines
144
B-lymphocytes (10-20%)mature where and occur when?
mature in bone marrow, found in humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
145
T-lymphocytes (60-70%)mature where and occur when?
mature in thymus, occur in cell-mediated immunity
146
cell-mediated immunity
the destruction of target cells through secretion of lymphokines
147
types of t-cells
killer, helper, suppressor (you have to turn off immune response at some point), memory
148
Humoral or Immunoglobulin-mediated immunity
B cell mature into plasma cells which produce antibodies, wants to eliminate bacteria & prevent viral infections
149
cell-mediated immunity chart
- antigen
- macrophage engulf antigen
- antigen MHC expression -release of cytokines
- production of cytotoxic cells
150
what do lymphocytes activate
T-cels & B-cells
151
T4 Lymphocyte
regulate & amplify B & T-cell response
152
Cytotoxic T- cells bond to MHC I or !!? and what is the code for them
MHC I (CD8)
153
Helper T-cells bond to MHC I or II? and what is the code for them
MHC2 (CD4)
154
Suppressor t-cells
reduce the humoral response
155
memory T-cells
remain dormant until 2nd exposure
156
Natural killer cells
CD15 & CD56, non-specific that kill tumor cells &virusus
157
How are natural killer cells able to kill cells?
they are inhabited by contact with MHC self molecules, depends on production of perforinsm enzymes & toxic cytokines (they punch holes into cells and destroy it)
158
what enhances natural killer cells?
IL-2
159
macrophages
ingest antigen-->present antigen-MHC complex to T-lymphocytes--->activate T-lymphocytes
160
what do macrophages secrete?
cytokins: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) & interleukin-1 (IL-1) which produces fever
161
humoral immunity chart
clones of B &T cells occur
162
basis of humoral immunity
B-lymphocytes
163
antigen binds with receptor,-->differentiates into plasma cell-->secretes immunoglobulins
B-Lymphocytes
164
what regulates B-lymphocytes?
T-Lymphocytes & cytokines
165
Antibody structure: Fab (antigen binding fragment) is specific for what?
each antibody
166
Antibody structure:Fc (constant fragment)
non-specific, all immunoglobins
167
What activates constant fragment (Fc) antibody structures?
the binding of a antigen binding fragment (Fab)
168
IgG (75%)
most common in all body fluids, stays higher during second exposure, crosses placenta---"Its like the grass the field"
169
IgM (10%)
first responder--too larger to cross membranes, lasts a week, doesn't get higher during 2nd exposure --"Its like the maple trees in the grass field
170
IgA (15%)
found in body secretions, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, bile & colostrum ---"Its the Area of wetness in the grass field"
171
IgD (0.2%)
found in plasma & easily broken down, found on B cells that help B cell grow ---"The baby dear that needs to grow up in the grass field"
172
IgE (0.004%)
found in allergic reactions, RARE, found on Fc region on basophils & mast cells--"Its like the elm trees in the grass field"
173
natural immunity
innate resistance, age, health, race, sex
174
active immunity
acquired through immunizations OR having the disease
175
passive immunity
short term protection
| examples: bit by a snake & antidote given, breast milk, gamma globulins, antitoxin
176
The complement Cascade
20 inactive proteins circulating
177
how does the complement cascade cause inflammation?
by increasing vascular permeability, cheostasis, phagocytosis & lysis of foreign material
178
the initial step of the classic pathway in the complement cascade (C1-C10?)
C1
179
Anaphylaxis
degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine & other chemical mediators
180
Opsonization
targeting of antigen so it can be easily engulfed & digested by macrophages
181
cytolysis
destruction of cell membranes
182
Adherence of immune cells
Adhesion of Ag-Ab complexes to surface of cells
183
C1-C5
stimulate mast cell degranulation (release of chemical mediators)
184
C6-10
bacterial cell lysis by making cell wall "leaky"
185
the initial step of the alternatepathway in the complement cascade
C3
186
Type 1 hypersensitivity disorder involves what immunoglobin
IgE allergic , IMMEDIATE
| ex. anaphylaxis, allergy
187
Type 2 hypersensitivity disorder
IgM & IgG, cytoxic rxns
| ex. blood transfusions
188
Type 3 hypersensitivity disorder
immune complex rxns
| ex. post-strptococal glomerulonephritis
189
Type 4 hypersensitivity disorders
cell-mediated rxns
| ex. contact dermatitis
190
which type of hypersensitivity disorders involve antibodies?
Type 1-3
191
goodpasture's syndrome, erythroblastosis fetalis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hemolytic transfusion rxn are examples of which type of hypersensitivity disorder?
Type 2
192
serum sickness, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are examples of which type of hypersensitivity disorder?
Type 3
193
Contact dermatitis, HVGD and GVHD, allograft rejection are examples of what hypersensitivity disorder?
Type 4
