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SIU 2 Infection, Inflammation, Immunity > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Define: pathogen

A

Any organism or agent (toxin) that produces a disease

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2
Q

Define: pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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3
Q

Define: virulence

A

Intensity of disease

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4
Q

What are the 9 types of infections?

A 
Acute 
Chronic
Latent
Healthcare associated infection 
Opportunistic 
Primary 
Secondary 
Septicaemia 
Toxaemia
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5
Q

What are the 3 common bacteria that cause healthcare associated infection?

A

Clostridium difficile –> gut infection

Staphylococcus aureus

E.coli–> UTI

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6
Q

What is the difference between septicaemia and bacteraemia?

A

Septicaemia- high conc of bacteria DIVIDING in blood
More severe

Bacteraemia -Presence of bacteria in blood

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7
Q

What’s the main cause of URT infections? What bacteria can also be the causation?

A 
70% viral 
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
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8
Q

What are the 2 common URT infections?

A

Pharyngitis - throat

Tonsillitis - tonsils

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9
Q

What’s the treatment used in URT infection?

A

Oral penicillin

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10
Q

What can be the causation of an acute otitis media?

A

Mainly viral
Bac: streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilius influenzae

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11
Q

Causes of conjunctivitis

A 
Mainly viral 
Allergic -pollens
Reactive - dust, smoking 
STI associated -new born babies 
Bac: staphylococcus spp 
Streptococcus spp 
Heamophilus spp
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12
Q

Treatment for conjunctivitis

A

Topical chloramphenicol

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13
Q

The bac which involved in STI associated conjunctivitis

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

  • severe conjunctivitis in new born
  • perforation of cornea

Chlamydia trachomatis

  • adult
  • trachoma–> blindness
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14
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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15
Q

What are the bacteria that cause pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus inflenzae
Staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

What is the main cause for acute bronchitis? What bacteria involved in 2’ infections?

A

95% viral
Mycoplasma pneumoniae -atypical pneumonia. non productive cough

2’ : streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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17
Q

What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis? (COPD)What bacteria exacerbate the symptoms

A

Usually due to smoking / irritant
Inflammation of trachea and bronchi
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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18
Q

What are the two types of urinary Tract infection? Give an example of infection. What type of bacteria are involved?

A

Ascending - entry through urethra - cystitis (E coli)

and descending - infection from blood to kidney (staphylococcus)

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19
Q

What is the impact of urinary tract infection on elderly

A

Confusion

Difficulty passing urine

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20
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

It is the complication of common bladder infection

Potentially serious kidney /ureters infection that has spread to blood

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21
Q

What are The symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Fever
Fewer UTI symptoms
Haematuria- blood in urine

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22
Q

What are the common causes of sexually transmitted infections STIs

A

Bacteria*
Viral-human Papilloma virus- cervical cancer, HIV
Fungal - Candida albicans -yeast
Protozoa

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23
Q

What are the bacteria that cause STI

A

Chlamydia trachomatis *
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Treponema pallidum

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24
Q

What are the symptoms due to chlamydia trachomatis or neisseria g

A

Women: discharge, pelvic pain–> PID pelvic inflame disease, infertility
Men: discharge–> inflame of prostate urethra. Infertility

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25
Examples for latent infections
Herpes Shingles- skin rash TB
26
Describe the mechanism of action fluorinated pyrimidine analogues in treating fungal infections, name the drug
5- flucytosine Disrupt RNA DNA biosynthesis Misincorporation of 5-fluorouridine
27
Give two examples of drug that belong to antifungal class-polyenes
Nystatin | Amphotericin B
28
How does nystatin and amphotericin produce antifungal effect
Cell membrane ergosterol (Only presence in fungus cell wall not human- cholesterol) Increase permeability of PM and oxidative damage Not toxic to human
29
Name an example drug that belongs to antifungal class - allylamines and thiocarbamates
Terbinafine
30
What's the MOA of terbinafine
Ergosterol biosynthesis -squalene epoxidase Same step in human cells but not the same shape of enzyme
31
Describe the MOA of azole/ triazoles
Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis - lanosterol 14- deMETHYlase Accumulation of toxic METHYLsterol intermediates- enzymes recognise increase in conc. and shut pathway
32
What is the side-effect of antifungal agents
Diarrhoea only
33
Name The drug that belongs to echinocandins
Caspofungin- very expensive!!
34
Describe the MOA of caspofungin
Inhibition of Cell wall biosynthesis 1,3 betaD glucan synthase Inhibition of glucan Safe to patient : 16-18 long C chain
35
What are the three types of helminths?
Nematodes - large round worms (ascaris) , threadworms , hook worms or filariae - lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis Cestodes -tape worms. from uncooked meat, segmentated worm with eggs at the end of segment, excreted via faeces Trematodoes (flukes)- snail intermediate host, damage to vital organs
36
Life cycle of ascariasis
``` Worm live in SI Produce fertilised egg Excreted through faeces Stay in soil for 2 WEEKS TO DEVELOP Re ingested (egg) in SI Larvae latch, goes to LUNG Final stage- mouting, cough up and swallow back to SI- develop into mature worms ```
37
Transmission and Symptoms of schistosomiasis cause by Schistosoma (blood flukes)
Go in the snails then human | Eggs stuck in tissues, body immune says try to get rid of it, chronic inflammation and scarring - cancer
38
Give 3 example of pathogenic fungi?
Candida Albicans-oral, vaginal thrush, nail infection, ocular candidiasis Aspergillus fumigatus- pulmonary infection or inhalation of spores. Asthma, TB Dermatophytes- skin, nail, hair infection athletes foot or ringworm
39
What are fungi
Eukaryotic org. Have true nuclei
40
Fungi are divided into 2 families...
Yeast, unicellular, round cells, budding/ fission | Moulds, multicellular, also called filamentous fungi, produce hyphae
41
Fungi are carbon Hetero/ homo trophs? What does it mean
Heterotrophs, they require ready made organic compounds as carbon source
42
What are dermatophytes? How is it spreaded Common symptoms
They are keratinophilic moulds associated with infections of skin, nails, hair, scalp. Spread through direct contact and spores. Common symptoms are itching burning pain irritation
43
``` Ring worm infections What part of body is infected in Tinea corporis Tinea cruris Tinea capitis ```
Ring worm of the skin Groin Scalp
44
What are the ringworm treatment for tinea corporis and cruris And other possible treatment
Topical imidazole Clotrimazole, econazole, micinazole Terbinafine >12 yo Topical corticosteroid cream can be added in combination if severe inflam
45
What are the oral therapy available for T. Corporis, cruris if topical fails
Terbinafine Itraconazole Griseofulvin -rare
46
What are the treatments for tinea capitis
Oral + ketoconazole, selenium sulphide shampoos (risks of transmission?) or terbinafine creams
47
Which fungi spp. Is griseofulvin and terbinafine active against?
G- microsporum spp | T- trichiphyton tonsurans
48
Profile of griseofulvin
Narrow therapeutic range Long course needed Contra indication with severe liver disease n systemic lupus erythrmatosus Avoid if breastfeeding/ pregnancy
49
Things to look out for (griseofulvin
Potentiate alcohol effect Interacts with Oral contraceptives -decreases efficacy Take with fatty food helps absorption
50
What's tinea pedis also called
Althelets foot
51
What might be the causes for tinea pedis
Trichophyton rubrum Tichophyton mentagrophytes Epidermophyton floccosum
52
What are the treatments for T pedis
First line - imidazole cream | -terbinafine cream
53
Stages of bac infection
``` Pathogenicity/ virulence/ no. Of bac/ host IMS Transmission Adhesion and invasion Evasion of host defence Multiply Damage host cells, get nutrients Release toxins ```
54
Adherence to surfaces depends on (bac
Adhesins
55
Example of adhesins
Proteins -fimbrial, afimbrial surface proteins | Polysaccharides- component of cap, teichoic/ lipoteichoic acid
56
E. coli binding onto bladder causes UTI
P pili type 1 binds to sugar moieties (mannose) of glycolipids on ep cells lining urianry travt
57
3 ways of surviving phagocytosis (bac
Reside in phagolysosome (harsh environment low PH) Reside in unfused phagosome (salmonella) Destroy or escape from phagosome and live in cytosol
58
Invading non phagocytic cell
Bac injects invasion proteins into host cell to recruit host proteins to induce phagocytosis Secreted by g-ve bac (salmonella, pseudomonas) Activate host signalling, recruit actin (cytoskeleton protein) Bac taken up by NON phagocytic cells
59
Extra cellular invasion (bac
Bac produces en. That Attack extracellular matrix Degrade carbs- protein complexes between cells - protease, glycanase Disrupt cell surface
60
Uses of biofilm
Protect from Phagocytosis AB disinfectants
61
Name the bac grow biofilm on microscope coverslip
Enterococcus faecalis
62
Limiting source of nutrient for bac in host
Iron
63
Why iron is limiting in host
Aerobic con. Iron oxidised into ferric form - low sol. Complexes to protein eg transferrin in serum Ferritin heamoglobin in interracellular
64
Bac acquiring iron
1 direct contact use cell surf proteins: transferrin binding protein TBP and haemoglobjn BP 2 produced when conc is low. secret siderophores w high affinity for Fe- from proteins/ insoluble ferric salt. Transport Fe into cell
65
Structure of siderophores
Catechol gp | Hydroxymate gp
66
Bac evading complement of host
Thick Psac layer around cells- cap Elongated (LPS) O chain bw com and bac Prevent complement activation Lipid A causes fever
67
Resisting phagocytosis by (3)
Prevent contact w phagocyte (biofilms, cap) Affect phag migration (S.pyogenes peptidase cleaves complement C5a) Destroy phag (use toxins eg leukocidins)
68
Evade host ab response (2)
Bind to host proteins e.g. Albumin, fibronectin - m protein s.pyogenes not detected as foreign Produce surface protein which bind ab 'backwards' (Heavy chain end binds) - proA in s.aureus n proG s.pyogenes -prevent opsonisation (marked pathogens, draw WBC for ingestion
69
Toxoid
Inactive or very low activity. Used for vaccination eg tetanus
70
Exotoxin | Endotoxins
Activitely secreted during bac growth | Inside bac or a structure part. Not secreted. Only released when bac die and Lysis eg LPS

SIU 2 Infection, Inflammation, Immunity (7 decks)

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