Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sexual and reproductive health > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Is immunity common in sexually transmitted infections?

A

no it is rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

co-infections are

A

common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is normal ph in the vagina?

A

4 to 4.5 (acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what predominates flora in vagina?

A

lactobacillus spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is the lactobacillus spp protective?

A

produce lactic acid +/- hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which organism from the lactobacillus spp is not part of the normal vaginal flora?

A

L. acidophilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the predisposing factors for candida infection?

A

recent antibiotic therapy
high estrogen levels (pregnancy, certain types of contraceptives)
poorly controlled diabetes
immunocompromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does candida infection present?

A

intensely itchy white vaginal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do you diagnose candida infection?

A

high vaginal swab for culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most cases of candida infection are caused by?

A

c. albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the treatment for candida infection?

A

topical clotrimazole pessary or cream

oral fluconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

non-albicans candida species are more likely to be..

A

azole resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what rash is typical of candida balanitis?

A

spotty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is candida balanitis common?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

is candida balanitis an STI?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gonococcal pathogenesis - Attaches to host ———– cells and is ————- into the cell to ———- within the host cell and are ———- into the subepithelial space.

A

epithelial
endocytosed
replicate
sub epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

some gonococcal strains selectively cause……… genital infection?

A

asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of organism I is neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gram negative intracellular diplococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what organism does not survive well in less than ideal growth conditions (i.e. outside the body)?

A

fastidious organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the primary sites of infection in gonorrhoea?

A

mucous membranes of the urethra, endocervix, rectum and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the incubation period of urethral infection in men?

A

2-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is it higher risk from infected women to male partner or from infected man to female partner?

A

50-90% risk from infected man to female partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the first line investigation for gonorrhoea?

A

nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the next step if NAAT is positive for gonorrhoea?

A

take swabs for culture before prescribing antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what areas are swabbed for cultures?
endocervical, rectal and throat
26
presentation for gonococcal infection in men?
asymptomatic <10% urethral discharge >80% dysuria
27
pharyngeal/recta infections in gonococcal male and female infection are mostly?
asymptomatic
28
what is the presentation for gonococcal infection in females?
asymptomatic (up to 50%) increased/altered vaginal discharge (40%) dysuria pelvic pain (<5%)
29
what is the first line treatment of gonorrhoea?
ceftriaxone 500mg IM
30
what is the second line treatment of gonorrhoea?
cefixime 400mg oral
31
does gonorrhoea require a test of cure?
yes in all patients
32
what are the advantages of NAAT?
ability to test urine specimens or self-obtained vaginal swabs increased sensitivity over culture can detect dead organisms
33
what are the disadvantages of NAAT?
inability to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing
34
why should you wait for antimicrobial treatment in sexual contacts of those infected with gonorrhoea?
high antimicrobial resistance
35
what is the commonest bacterial STI in the UK?
chlamydia trachoma's
36
what type of microorganism is chlamydia?
gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium
37
what is the mode of transmission of chlamydia?
vaginal, oral or anal
38
what does the cell wall lack in gram negative organism causing chlamydia?
peptidoglycan
39
what age has the highest incidence of chlamydia infection?
20-24 male or female
40
what percentage of women with chlamydia develop PID?
9%
41
episodes of PID increase the risk of?
ectopic pregnancy by 10 and carries a risk of tubal factor infertility of 15-20%
42
what is the presentation in females with chlamydia? (4)
post coital or inter menstrual bleeding lower abdominal pain dyspareunia mucopurulent cervicitis
43
what is the presentation in males with chlamydia?(5)
``` Urethral discharge Dysuria Urethritis Epididymo-orchitis Proctitis (LGV) ```
44
when do you test for chlamydia diagnosis?
14 days following exposure
45
how do you diagnose chlamydia in females?
NAAT (vulvovaginal swab)
46
how do you diagnose chlamydia in males?
first void urine
47
how do you diagnose chlamydia in MSM?
add rectal swans if has receptive anal intercourse
48
how do you treat chlamydia?
azithromycin 1G stat followed by 500mg daily for 2 days if allergic to macrolide then doxycycline 100mg BD x 1 week
49
what is now emerging as a sexually transmitted pathogen?
mycoplasma genitalium
50
how do you test for mycoplasma genitalium?
NAAT
51
what serovars cause trachoma ( eye infection)
A-C
52
what serovars cause genital infection?
D-K
53
what serovars cause lymphogranuloma venereum?
L1-L3
54
what micro-orgaanims causing STI does not reproduce outside the host cell?
chlamydia trachomatis
55
why does chlamydia trachoma's not stain with gram stain?
no peptidoglycan in the cell wall
56
what type of microorganism is trichomonad vaginalis?
single celled protozoal parasite
57
how is trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?
sexual contact
58
what are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
vaginal discharge and irritation
59
what are the symptoms of Trichomonad vaginalis in males?
urethritis
60
how do you diagnose trichomonas vaginalis?
high vaginal swab for microscopy
61
what is the treatment of trichomonad vaginalis?
metronidazole 400 mg bd (7 days) or 2g single dose
62
what causes the fishy odour in discharge of bacterial vaginosis?
amines and 10% potassium hydroxide
63
a wet mound reveals the absence of bacilli and their replacement with (BV)?
clumps of coccobacilli
64
large number of leukocytes int he wet mount of a woman with BV suggests?
coincident infection possibly trichomoniasis or bacterial cervicitis
65
what causes premature rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery?
BV
66
what causes increased rate of upper tract infection (endometritis, salpingitis)?
BV
67
treatment of male sexual partners in those infected with BV
no benefit
68
what is the 1st line treatment of BV?
metronidazole 400mg bd (7 days) or 2g single dose
69
what is the 2nd line treatment of BV?
clindamycin 2% vaginal cream 5g nightly for 7 nights or Dequalinium 10mg vaginal tablets daily for 6 days
70
what causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
71
what type of organism is treponema palladium?
spirochaete organism
72
how do you diagnose syphilis?
PCR test or on serological blood tests to detect antibodies
73
how many stages of illness in syphilis?
4
74
what stage is this - organisms multiples at inoculation site and gets into blood stream. chancre will heal without treatment?
primary lesion (chancre)
75
what stage of syphilis is this - large not. bacteria circulating in blood with multiple manifestations at different sites ("snail-track" mouth ulcers, generalized rash, flu-like symptoms etc.0
secondary stage
76
what stage of syphilis is this - no symptoms but low-level multiplication of spirochaete in intimate of small blood vessels. can be divided into early latent and late latent periods
latent stage
77
what stage of syphilis is this - cardiovascular or neuromuscular complications many years later?
late stage syphilis
78
how is syphilis transmitted?
sexual contact trans-placental/during birth blood transfusions non-sexual contact - health workers
79
what is the incubation period of primary syphilis?
9-90 days
80
what is the painlesss lesion founding primary syphilis?
chancre
81
what is the incubation period for secondary syphilis?
6 weeks to 6 months
82
how do you diagnose syphilis?
serological testing
83
what is the screening test for syphilis?
ELISA/EIA (enzyme immunoassay)
84
how do you treat early syphilis?
2.4 MU Benzathine penicillin x 1
85
how do you treat late syphilis?
2.4 MU Benzathine penicillin x 3
86
will when do you treat for syphilis?
until RPR is negative or serofast
87
how should titles decrease in early syphilis/
four fold by 3-6 months
88
what causes genital herpes?
hsV type 1 and 2
89
what type of organism is HSV 1 and 2?
enveloped virus containing double stranded DNA
90
how do you contract genital herpes?
close contact with someone who is shedding the virus
91
how do you spread genital herpes?
genital/genital or oropharyngeal/genital contact
92
where does HSV1 and 2 replicate?
in the dermis and epidermis
93
what causes pain in genital herpes/
it gets into nerve endings or sensory and autonomic nerves
94
what is the presentation of genital herpes?
multiple painful small vesicles
95
what causes absence of symptoms?
intermittent virus shedding
96
can you have latent genital herpes?
yes
97
how do you diagnose genital herpes?
Swab in virus transport medium of deroofed blister for PCR test – highly sensitive and specific test
98
what is the treatment for genital herpes?
Aciclovir may be helpful if taken early enough ( famciclovir/ valaciclovir ) Pain relief
99
what is the treatment for pubic lice?
malathion lotion
100
how is pubic lice acquired?
close genital skin contact

Sexual and reproductive health (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions