Infections and infection control

Question 1

What are the major groups of microorganisms

Answer 1

Parasites, algae, fungi, protozoa, bacteria

Question 2

How can microorganisms gain entry to the body?

Answer 2

Occur in any body system, resident macro bacteria, transient or unknown organisms, community or hospital acquired organisms.

Question 3

What infection control strategies can decrease the risk or severity of infections and disease?

Answer 3

Sterilisation, disinfection, antisepsis, pasteurisation, sanitisation

Question 4

What are the major prokaryotic cell morphology (shape) types?

Answer 4

Coccus (Spherical)
Bacillus (Rod Shaped)
Spirillum (Spiral Forms)

Question 5

What is the importance of the key structures of the prokaryotic cell and their use as virulence factors including the role of the endospore as plasmid?

Answer 5

Endospores- Protect genetic information in adverse environmental conditions.
Prokaryotes- have thick strong reasonably rigid, support weak cytoplasm membrane adding, high internal osmotic pressure

Question 6

define capsules

Answer 6

A though sheath or membrane that encloses an organ or other structure in the body, such as a kidney or a synovial joint

Question 7

Define Endospores

Answer 7

A way of protecting genetic information in adverse environmental condition

Question 8

Define binary fission

Answer 8

Is asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

Question 9

Define Flagella

Answer 9

Cell can move to a better /less toxic environment

Question 10

How does the prokaryote reproduce?

Answer 10

Binary fission

Question 11

What are the key components of a virus?

Answer 11

Tow morphological groups, helical ?& isometric and icosahedral
Genome, Capsid (coat protein), lipid envelope, spikes (peplomers)

Question 12

What are some disease / infections that are caused by viruses?

Answer 12

Hepatitis, Epstein barr virus

Question 13

What are the different forms of fungi and what is their clinical importance?

Answer 13

Different forms of fungi: mushroom, yeasts, moulds (filamentous) fungi
benefits - penicillium

Question 14

What are they key differences between sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi?

Answer 14

Asexual - by budding or fission

Sexual- spore formation or conjugation of cells

Question 15

what are the different types of parasites and what is their clinical importance?

Answer 15

Two types of parasites: Ectoparasites (live on their hosts) and endoparasites (live within the bodies of their hosts)

Question 16

What are the different phases of an infection / disease profile?

Answer 16

Incubation period, Prodromal period, Acute or invasive period, decline phase, convalescence.

Question 17

What is the importance of antimicrobials in the control of micro-organisms?

Answer 17

Antimicrobials are substances that kill or slow the spread of microorganisms, These include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anti parasitic.

Question 18

What are some strategies for decreasing transmission of microorganisms? (both intra and interpersonal transmission)

Answer 18

Infection control, follow standard precautions

Question 19

Why are some microorganisms sensitive or resistant to antimicrobials? why is this important?

Answer 19

high to low
Prions, coccidia, bacterial endospores, mycobacteria, mycobacteria, cysts, small non-enveloped viruses, trophozoites, gram-negative bacteria, fungi, gram-positive bacteria, are lipid developed viruses

Question 20

What are the major circulatory systems?

Answer 20

System circulation, pulmonary circulation, foetal circulation

Question 21

Discuss the transport of substances into throughout and out of the body?

Answer 21

Into- Oxygen , nutrients, water,
Throughout- Wastes, immune cells, hormones, and other proteins, stored nutrients
out - metabolic wastes, heat and carbon dioxide,

Question 22

What is the anatomical location of the heart?

Answer 22

located on the midline of the chest

Question 23

What is the structure of the heart

Answer 23

the heart is located into 4 parts, 2 ventricles and 2 atria