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Infectious/Communicable Disorders Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What contributes to an infants increased risk of infection?

A
  • decreased inflammatory response

- losing passive immunity acquired from maternal antibodies

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2
Q

Cellular Immunity

A

functional at birth

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3
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

occurs when the body encounters and then develops immunity to new diseases

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4
Q

Types of Infectious Diseases

A
  • bacterial infections
  • viral infections
  • zoonotic infections
  • vector-borne infections
  • parasitic and helminthic infections
  • STI’s
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5
Q

What are some methods of preventing infectious diseases?

A
  • hand washing
  • adequate immunizations
  • proper handling/preparing of food
  • judicious antibiotic use
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6
Q

What info is obtained in a health history?

A
  • any known exposure to infectious diseases
  • history of immunizations and diseases
  • fever, sore throat
  • lethargy, malaise
  • poor feeding or decreased appetite
  • vomiting, diarrhea, cough, rash
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7
Q

Inspection and Observation

A

skin, mouth, throat, and hair for lesions and wounds

hydration status and vitals

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8
Q

Palpation

A
  • palpate skin for temp, turgor, moisture
  • palpate rash
  • palpate lymph nodes
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9
Q

Infection stimulates the release of what?

A

endogenous pyrogens

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10
Q

Pyrogens

A

act on the hypothalamus and trigger prostaglandin production, which increases the body’s set temperature

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11
Q

What triggers the cold response?

A

Prostaglandins

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12
Q

Cold Response

A
  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction
  • decrease in peripheral perfusion
  • fever occurs as a result
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13
Q

What are the Common Lab tests for infectious diseases?

A
  • CBC
  • ESR
  • CRP
  • Blood, stool, urine, wound, throat cultures
  • Nasal swabs
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14
Q

We do not begin antibiotics until after we have what?

A

ordered cultures to be taken

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15
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A

measures the type of protein produced in the liver that is present during episodes of acute inflammation

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16
Q

CBC-Complete Blood Count

A

evaluates white blood cell count

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17
Q

ESR-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A

determines the presence of inflammation or infection

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18
Q

Blood Culture and Sensitivity

A

detects the presence of bacteria or yeast and what antibiotics that are sensitive to

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19
Q

Common Treatment for Infectious Disorders

A

hydration

fever reduction

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20
Q

Common Medications for Infectious Disorders

A
  • antibiotics
  • antivirals
  • antipyretics
  • antipruritic
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21
Q

Antipyretics

A

treats only the fever associated with the illness

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22
Q

How often should you assess the temp?

A
  • q 4-6 hours
  • 30-60 minutes after medicine is given
  • with any change in condition
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23
Q

How to Manage Fever

A
  • use same site/device for temp measurement
  • administer antipyretics per order
  • notify doc of temp per institution or specific order
  • assess fluid I/O’s and encourage oral intake or administer intravenous fluids
  • keep linen and clothing clean and dry
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24
Q

When should the parent notify the doctor?

A
  • any child younger than 3 months w/ rectal temp above 38 C/100.4 F
  • any child lethargic or listless
  • fever lasting more than 3-5 days
  • fever greater than 40.6 C/105 F
  • any child immunocompromised
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25
Nursing Interventions to Promote Comfort
- assess pain ad response to interventions - administer meds as ordered - apply cool compress or baths to areas of pruritis - provide fluids frequently - provide cool mist - dress in light cloths - use diversional activity/distraction
26
Nursing Interventions to Promote Skin Integrity
- monitor skin for changes in temp, redness, swelling, warmth, pain, infection, changes in rash - encourage fluid intake and proper nutrition - keep fingernails short - encourage to press instead of scratch - use antipruritic and topical ointment
27
Sepsis
systemic overresponse to infection resulting from bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsia, or parasites
28
Septic Shock is what?
A MEDICAL EMERGENCY
29
Septic shock results in what?
- hypotension - low blood flow - multisystem organ failure
30
Who is at high risk of developing septic shock?
- infants less than 3 months - immunocompromised children - children w/ indwelling vascular catheter
31
What could you observe as the nurse for a child/baby w/ sepsis?
- lethargic - pale - dehydrated - weak cry - lack of responsiveness - petechia or other skin lesions - tachypnea - nasal flaring - grunting - retractions
32
What labs may be ordered for sepsis?
- chest x-ray - CBC - Blood culture - Stool/Urine culture - CSF analysis - Culture of tubes, catheters, or shunts
33
Interventions for Sepsis
- increased fluids - start IV - antipyretics - call to get orders - educate parents
34
Other Bacterial Infections in Children
- CAMRSA-staph aureus - scarlet fever - diphtheria - pertussis - tetanus - botulism - osteomyelitis - septic arthritis
35
Scarlet Fever
Strep throat - fever greater than 101 F - chills - body ache - loss of appetite - N/V - sand paper rash - strawberry tongue - yellow/white specks of pus on tonsils - swollen lymph nodes
36
Pertussis is characterized by what?
- acute respiratory disorder - paroxysmal/whooping Cough - copious secretions
37
S/S of Tetanus
- headache - spasms - crankiness - cramping of jaw (lock jaw) - difficulty swallowing - stiff neck - seizures
38
Diphtheria causes infections where?
nose, larynx, tonsils, pharynx
39
Viral Infections Occurring in Children
- viral exanthems - mumps - zoonotic infections
40
Vector Borne Infections
diseases transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, or other insect vectors
41
Types of Vector Borne Infections
Lyme disease | Rocky mountain spotted fever
42
Teaching Guidelines for Tick Removal
- use fine-tipped tweezers - protect fingers w/ tissue, paper towel , or latex gloves - grasp as close to skin as possible and pull upward - do not twist or jerk - once removed clean site w/ soap and water and wash hands - save tick for identification
43
Key Teaching Points for Child w/ Infectious Disease
- assess child and family's willingness to learn - provide family w/ time to adjust - repeat info - teach in short sessions - gear teaching to level of understanding for child - use multiple modes of learning
44
How is a diagnosis of scarlet fever made?
identification of group A streptococcus on throat culture
45
S/S of Diphtheria
- history of sore throat and fever usually less than 38.9 C | - pseudomembranes form swallowing becomes difficult and signs of airway obstruction become apparent
46
S/S of Pertussis/Whooping Cough
- cold symptoms - paroxysmal coughing spells - cough 10-30 times in a row followed by whooping sound - redness in the face - cyanosis - protrusion of the tongue - saliva, mucus, and tears from nose, moth, eyes
47
Botulism
disease caused by toxin produced in the immature intestines of young children
48
If treatment for botulism is not started what may happen?
paralysis of arms, legs, trunk, and respiratory system
49
S/S Botulism in Infants
- constipation - poor feeding - listlessness - generalized weakness - weak cry
50
S/S Botulism in Children
- double/blurred vision - drooping eyelids - difficulty swallowing - slurred speech - muscle weakness
51
How is rabies transmitted?
close contact with saliva of a rabid animal, usually by a bite
52
What is the prognosis for rabies?
poor once symptoms are developed; death usually occurs within days of symptoms
53
S/S of Rabies
``` flu-like fever headache general malaise pain, pruritus, and paresthesia at bite site ```
54
What is the most common reported vector-borne disease in the US?
Lyme disease
55
How is Lyme disease transmitted to humans?
the bite of an infected black legged deer tick
56
What is the drug of choice for Lyme disease in children over 8 years?
Doxycycline
57
What is the risk that keeps us from giving doxycycline to younger children?
discoloration of the teeth
58
What is the drug of choice for Lyme disease in children younger than 8?
Amoxicillin
59
What are the three stages of Lyme disease?
- early localized - early disseminated - late disease
60
What will the rash look like for Lyme Disease?
ring-like; "bulls eye" rash
61
Early signs of RMSF
- sudden onset of fever - headache - malaise - n/v - muscle pain - anorexia
62
Late signs of RMSF
- rash - abdominal pain - joint pain - diarrhea
63
What does the early rash for RMSF look like?
starts small, pink, macular, non-itchy, blanchable spots on the wrists, forearms, and ankles
64
What does the rash change to in RMSF?
quickly spreads to the rest of the body and appears red, spotted, an petechial or hemorrhagic
65
How is chickenpox spread?
through contact or air borne
66
What is the rash like for chicken pox?
appear first on scalp, face, trunk then extremities; initially intensely pruritic erythematous macules that evolve to papules, and then form clear fluid filled vesicles
67
When can a child with chickenpox return to school?
when the rash has crusted over
68
Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
- flushing, "slapped cheeks" appearance - spreads as a maculopapular, lace-like appearance - may have pain or swelling in joints
69
Measles Rash
kolpik spots - bright red spots with blue white centers on mucus membranes - erythematous maculopapular rash appears 3-4 days after; proceeds from head downward

Pediatrics (24 decks)

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