Infectious Disease Flashcards
(26 cards)
Examining the Relationship of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters With Infectiousness to Phlebotomus perniciosus and Its Potential Infectivity in Dogs With Overt Clinical Leishmaniasis - Gizzarelli 2021 (Front Vet Sci)
Severity of clinical score may influence blood feeding by and promastigote detection in sandflies: skin lesions are main factor influencing rate of blood feeding. Promastigote burden related to IFAT titer, skin lesions, and clinical score. All entomological parameters strongly related among them.
Confirms P. perniciosus infection and infectivity are influenced by dog’s clinical condition.
Clonality testing in the lymph nodes from dogs with lymphadenomegaly due to Leishmania infantum infection - Melendez-Lazo 2019 (PLOS One)
31/31 had medium to high pos. Ab titers and 30/31 had pos. PCR from LN.
Polyclonal in 28/31 (90%); 2/31 (6%) monoclonal Ig w/ high and low polyclonal background; 1/31 (4%) monoclonal T-cell with low polyclonal background.
Clonal rearrangement and poss. false lymphoma diagnosis in 3/31 (9.7%). PARR is useful to diff. lymphoma from RLH in dogs w/ leishmaniosis, mono and biclonal results should be interpreted carefully, esp. in presence of polyclonal background, and together w/ other clinicopathological findings.
Outcome of cats referred to a specialized adoption program for feline leukemia virus-positive cats - Lockhart 2020 (JFMS)
78.8% infected cats adopted > 16.7% death or euthanasia. URI most common comorbidity (16.3%) - not sig. different than non-infected (19.5%).
High national demand for lifesaving option for FeLV cats. 18.6% uninfected - do not condemn based on 1 test. Majority of cats adopted - can have lifesaving outcomes despite uncertain long-term prognosis.
Feline coronavirus with and without spike gene mutations detected by real-time RT-PCRs in cats with feline infectious peritonitis - Emmler 2020 (JFMS)
20/20 cats had S gene mutation in at least one sample, but tissue varied. S gene mutation most freq. in effusions (64%) followed by spleen, omentum, and kidney biopsy (50%); mesenteric LNs biopsy + FNA (45%); and FNA of spleen/liver and liver biopsy (40%).
S gene mutation found in every cat - highlights association b/t mutated S gene and systemic FCoV spread. Combo of diff. samples inc. probability of finding FCoV w/ S gene mutation.
Investigation of monotherapy and combined anticoronaviral therapies against feline coronavirus serotype II in vitro - Cook 2022 (JFMS)
26 compounds w/ effective antiviral activity representing variety of classes/mechanisms. Most effective - GC376 (protease inhibitor), GS-441524, EIDD2081, and EIDD2931. Antiviral efficacy for combos of agents, w/ a few examined combos demonstrating evidence of limited synergistic activity.
Although compound synergy IDed for several combos, monotherapies were determined to be most effective at inhibiting viral transcription.
Antibody response to feline panleukopenia virus vaccination in cats with asymptomatic retrovirus infections: a pilot study - Bergmann 2019 (JFMS)
FPV modified live vax. Pre-vax Ab present in 100% retroviral infected and 77.6% controls. Adequate response to vax in 1/8 retrovirus compared to 22/67 non-infected cats. In cats w/ high pre-vax titers, 4x inc or higher in 1/8 retrovirus and 4/42 non-infected. None of retrovirus cats developed illness or SFX. No sig. diff. b/t groups for pre-vax titers, 4x titer inc. after vax, or SFX.
All retrovirus-infected cats had pre-vax Ab indicating protection. Response of retrovirus-infected cats to vax was similar to non-infected cats.
Clinical evaluation of hyperimmune plasma for treatment of dogs with naturally occurring parvoviral enteritis - Acciacca 2020 (JVECC)
HIP dogs had lower shock index at 24 h (0.77) than placebo (1.34). Lactate lower at 24 h in HIP treated (1.3) than placebo (2.1). No diff. in hospital duration in HIP vs placebo (3.2 vs 2.8 d). Survival 100% for HIP and 93.3.% for placebo.
10 mL/kg IV HIP w/in first 6 hours improves shock markers during first 24 hours. No effect on hospital duration or mortality, however study underpowered for these effects. HIP well tolerated in this pop. of critically ill dogs.
Comparison and validation of different models and variable selection methods for predicting survival after canine parvovirus infection - Franzo 2020 (Vet Rec)
Overall mortality - 21.6%.
Random forest showed excellent discrimination (AUC 0.997, Se 0.941, Sp 1.0) vs logistic regression (0.831, Se 0.882, Sp 0.652). ATIII, AST, lipase, and monocyte/lymphocyte count as parameter combo w/ highest predictive capability.
Model validated in present study allows prompt prediction of disease severity at admission and provides objective + reliable criteria to support clinician in selecting therapeutic approach.
Asymptomatic carriage of canine infectious respiratory disease complex pathogens among healthy dogs - Okonkowski 2021 (JSAP)
15/133 (11.3%) client-owned positive - 7 M. cynos (6.1%), 6 Bordetella (5.2%), 2 herpesvirus (1.7%), 2 coronavirus (1.7%).
Higher in shelter dogs for all pathogens. Higher risk for M. cynos (0.18), coronavirus (0.15), distemper (0.06), pneumovirus (0.05).
OR for M. cynos (0.31), and coronavirus (0.05) sig. diff. b/t client-owned and shelter.
For all pathogens except herpesvirus, shelter dogs at higher risk for asymptomatic carriage (strongest for M. cynos and coronavirus).
Risk of exposure from asymptomatic client-owned dogs poorly defined. Corroborates prev. reports of high CIRDC prevalence among healthy shelter dogs. Overall prevalence of CIRDC among healthy client-owned dogs is low but highest for Bordetella and Mycoplasma.
Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens - Maboni 2019 (PLOS One)
Low occurrence of classical CIRDC agents (ex. Bordetella, adenovirus, distemper virus) while highlighting emerging bacteria (Mycoplasma). Statistical modeling emphasized impact of coinfections and severity of clinical presentation, and showed that host factors (ex. age) are most important predictors of severity.
Study provides new insights into current understanding of prevalence and role of coinfections w/ selected viruses + bacteria, while underscoring importance of molecular diagnosis and vaccination against this disease.
Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection - Contreras 2019 (JVIM)
Conjunctivitis more common in control group kittens on days 1-28. Total respiratory scores higher in LTC group on days 15-28. LTC group had sig. dec. FHV-1 DNA on swabs compared to controls.
LTC shown to dec. FHV-1 DNA and some manifestations of illness in kittens when administered 24 hours before inoculation, suggesting clinical benefit.
Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats - Reagan 2019 (JVIM)
CrAg LFA - Se 92% / Sp 93.2%.
CryptoPS - Se 80% / Sp 94.9%.
POC are Se and Sp alternative to traditional CALAS assay w/ more rapid turnaround times, which may result in earlier DX and TX.
Clinical features of cats diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis in Arizona, 2004-2018 - Arbona 2020 (JFMS)
Respiratory (20/51), neutrophilia (24/31), monocytosis (17/31), hyperglobulinemia (16/30) - similar to dogs.
Typically systemically very ill - disseminated (31/51) with skin most common (22/51).
43/44 had positive serum Ab w/ median titer 1:32. Serum Ab sig. reduced in cats that responded to TX compared to non-responders.
40/46 treated w/ oral fluconazole responded and did not require additional therapy.
14 developed recurrent disease and 13/14 successfully reinstituted antifungal therapy.
Most often disseminated at diagnosis, poss. due to delays in seeking care and recognizing infection. Suspicion, chemistries, CBCs, Ab, and imaging aid in diagnosis. Serum Ab reduction during TX correlated w/ adequate response to medication. Consideration of coccidioidomycosis as cause of illness will lead to earlier diagnosis and potentially better TX outcomes in cats.
Clinical performance of a point-of-care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs - Reagan 2021 (JVIM)
Agreement in 32/36 Ab-positive specimens and 12/12 Ab-negative specimens. PPV 88.9% and NPV 100% compared to AGID. ROC AUC - 0.944.
LFA is rapid alternative to AGID. LFA provides excellent predictive value for positive results. Positive agreement lower in dogs w/ low AGID titers - confirmatory testing recommended if high index of suspicion exists.
Retrospective analysis of the effects of Blastomyces antigen concentration in urine and radiographic findings on survival in dogs with blastomycosis - Motschenbacher 2021 (JVIM)
Overall survival - discharge 87%, 1 week 85%, 2 months 74%, 6 months 69%.
BACU correlated w/ RLS (0.33). BACU and RLS scores lower in survivors at 2 months than nonsurvivors (avg. BACU diff. 2.5; median RLS diff. 2).
Dogs w/ BACU < 5 and mild (0-1) RLS had greater proportion surviving than those with BACU > 5 or severe (3-4) RLS.
All dogs with BACU < 5 or mild RLS alive at last follow up.
Dogs w/ lower BACU + RLS have improved survival, but unclear what cutoffs should be used for prognosis.
Prevalence of ocular lesions in cats newly diagnosed with histoplasmosis: 55 cases (2015-2022) - Pucket 2022 (JAVMA)
45/55 (82%) had signs of active anterior, posterior, or panuveitis. Most common lesions in posterior portion of globe and inc. chorioretinitis and partial retinal detachments (44/55 - 80%).
Detailed ophthalmic exams should be performed on all cats w/ diagnosed or suspected histoplasmosis, as ocular involvement and subsequent vision loss are common.
Feline histoplasmosis presenting with bone and joint involvement: clinical and diagnostic findings in 25 cats - Fielder 2019 (JFMS)
Lameness was PC in 17/21 and was only complaint in 9/21. Initial diagnosis via cytology in 22/25 and by culture, urine Ag, and necropsy in 1 case each. Diagnostic samples included synovial fluid (13), LN (5), skin (2), lung (1), and bone (1).
2 cases had synovial fluid examined but no organisms. Inflammation present in all synovial fluid samples.
Biopsies in 2 cats - osteomyelitis with no organisms and severe LP synovitis suggestive of feline periosteal proliferative polyarthritis.
Histoplasma urine Ag positive in 7/12.
Inflammatory arthritis is common in cats with histoplasmosis, with lameness a common PC. Organisms are found in synovial fluid cytology in most cases - if not, appropriate additional diagnostics must be pursued.
Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs - Clark 2021 (JVIM)
IM EIA - Se 70%, Sp 99%, accuracy 93%.
MV EIA - Se 95%, Sp 99%, accuracy 98%.
AUC sig. smaller for IM EIA (0.87) than MV EIA (0.97). Primarily due to 6 false neg. IM EIA (4 from dogs w/ localized GI disease). MV EIA positive in 5/6 of these dogs.
IM EIA might be useful for diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis but clinical usefulness limited in dogs with localized GI histoplasmosis.
A monoclonal antibody-based urine Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay (IMMY®) for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats - Rothenburg 2019 (JVIM)
IMMY EIA (0.25 ng/mL) - Se 89%, Sp 80%, accuracy 83%.
IMMY EIA (1.1 ng/mL) - Se 77%, Sp 97%, accuracy 89%.
MV EIA - Se 94%, Sp 97%, accuracy 96%.
Moderate overall agreement using 0.25 ng/mL (k = 0.44) and 1.1 ng/mL (k = 0.43).
IMMY EIA might be useful as diagnostic test for histoplasmosis in cats. Further modifications are needed to IMMY EIA to achieve diagnostic performance of MV EIA.
Disseminated Rasamsonia argillacea species complex infections in 8 dogs - Dear 2021 (JVIM)
PC - anorexia (5), back pain (4), generally nonspecific. 5 GSD. 6 discospondylitis and 2 pleural effusion.
6 R. piperina; 2 R. argillacea.
Isolated via urine culture in 5/7. 5/6 had positive serum Aspergillus galactomannan antigen EIA results.
MST 82 days, and 317 days for dogs that survived to discharge. 4 died during hospitalization with MST 6 days.
All isolates had low MICs to echinocandins with variable MICs for azole antifungals.
Rasamsonia infections in dogs associated w/ multisystemic DX inc. vertebrae, CNS, kidneys, spleen, LNs, lungs, and heart. Shares features with other systemic mold infections and can be mis-IDed when using phenotypical microbiological methods. Molecular techniques are required to ID organism and guide appropriate antifungal TX.
Disseminated canine mold infections - Elad 2019 (Vet Journal)
Of 157 cases, 59.3% Aspergillus (36.3% A. terrei).
GSD 67.8% (89.7% of which were A. terrei). Females 72.7%. Average age ~ 4.3 years.
CS - weight loss, lethargy, discospondylitis, osteomyelitis, UTI, ophthalmitis, head tilt, and gait abnormalities. 25/50 had fever over 104F.
Most common BW - inc. neutrophils, inc. TP, azotemia, dec. USG.
Treatment attempted in 37.6% (59) - failure and relapses (sometimes after years) were common, but some success in 8 cases (8/59 - 13.5%).
Effect of an oral probiotic nutraceutical containing Aspergillus-derived ingredients on a serum and urine galactomannan antigen assay in dogs - Reagan 2020 (Vet Journal)
GMI positive on neutraceutical (>0.5 with mean 7.91).
Median serum GMI were 0.19, 0.22, and 0.17 at day 0, 7, and 21. 2/10 developed positive GMI after neutraceutical admin. but no sig change over study period.
Median urine GMI were 0.06, 0.07, and 0.06 on day 0. 7, and 21. Trend toward inc. urine GMI noted b/t day 0 - 7 and dec. b/t day 7 - 21.
Administration of probiotics containing Aspergillus-derived ingredients did not reliably result in elevated Aspergillus GMA levels.
Intracardiac heartworms in dogs: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in 72 cases (2010-2019) - Romano 2021 (JVIM)
IC HW burden low in 14/72 (19%) and high in 58/72 (81%). Majority (54/72 - 75%) were small breeds (40% Chihuahua) and had high likelihood of PH (67/72 - 93%).
Most common CS - lethargy (32/72 - 44%) > pigmenturia (31/72 - 43%).
Anemia (37/55 - 36%), pigmenturia (30/58 - 52%), and bilirubinuria (28/36 - 78%) sig. more common in dogs w/ high burden.
Based on anemia, pigmenturia, and CS, 18/72 (25%) considered to have CS.
Although majority of dogs w/ IC worms had high burden and high likelihood of PH, only 25% had clinical CS. Echo is useful tool to ID IC HW, detect PH, and could be useful for staging HW+ small breed dogs for IC migration.
Repeated cross-sectional study of Trypanosoma cruzi in shelter dogs in Texas, in the context of Dirofilaria immitis and tick-borne pathogen prevalence - Hodo 2019 (JVIM)
18.1% (110/608) seropositive for T. cruzi. 6/559 (1.1%) qPCR-positive for T. cruzi.
Ehrlichia - 3.6%; Anaplasma - 6.9%; Lyme - 0.2%; HW - 16%.
T. cruzi seroprevalence comparable to HW and higher than tick-borne disease. T. cruzi is underrecognized health threat to dogs across Texas and possibly other SE states where triatomine vectors are endemic.
