Infectious Disease

Question 1

Is Salmonella is gram - or gram +?

Answer 1

Gram -

Question 2

How is Salmonella transmitted?

Answer 2

raw chicken contaminating food or water

Question 3

What are clinical signs for Salmonella?

Answer 3

V/D+, HEMATOCHEZIA, +/- neutropenia

Question 4

How is Salmonella diagnosed?

Answer 4

Fecal culture and clinical signs

Question 5

Does a negative culture rule out Salmonella infection?

Answer 5

No, and positive isolation does not mean it’s Salmonella

Question 6

How do we treat Salmonella?

Answer 6

if minimal signs/asymptomatic - no treatment, in severe cases - iv fluids and abx

Question 7

Is Campylobacter gram - or gram +?

Answer 7

gram -

Question 8

Can dogs and cats be asymptomatic carriers of campylobacter?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

What are clinical signs of Campylobacter?

Answer 9

large intestine diarrhea- mucous, TENESMUS, hematochezia

Question 10

How do you diagnose Campylobacter?

Answer 10

fecal smear on microscope (gull wing shaped)
fecal culture
PCR

Question 11

What will you see on fecal smear of campylobacter?

Answer 11

gull wing shaped bacteria

Question 12

How do you treat Campylobacter infection?

Answer 12

abx - erythromycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin

Question 13

Is Helicobacter gram - or + ?

Answer 13

gram -

Question 14

How does Helicobacter survive in low pH?

Answer 14

Lives in the stomach and produces high levels of urease to survive

Question 15

What are clinical signs of Helicobacter?

Answer 15

May or not cause chronic gastritis

SMALL INTESTINE D+

Question 16

How is Helicobacter diagnosed?

Answer 16

Histological evaluation of gastric biopsies
PCR on gastric samples
culture is too difficult to grow

Question 17

What is the treatment for Helicobacter?

Answer 17

triple therapy - 2 antibiotics and an anti-acid

usually amoxi, metro and omeprazole/famotidine

Question 18

What kind of bacteria is Brucella?

Answer 18

gram - aerobic

Question 19

Does Helicobacter affect cats?

Answer 19

no, they are resistant to infection, only affects dogs

Question 20

What are some clinical signs of Brucellosis?

Answer 20

Swollen testicles
lymphadenopathy, transient fevers, seizures
EYE issues - chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, anterior uvetitis
discospondylitis

Question 21

does Brucella affect females or males more?

Answer 21

males

Question 22

How can you diagnose Brucellosis?

Answer 22

serology - rapid slide agglutination or tube agglutination test
ELISA
PCR

Question 23

What is the treatment for Brucellosis?

Answer 23

very difficult to eradicate
need to sterilize all infected animals
multi-antibiotic regimen - around 4 weeks

Question 24

About how long is antibiotic treatment for Brucellosis?

Answer 24

around 4 weeks

Question 25

After treatment for Brucellosis, when do you retest?

Answer 25

6-9 months after treatment

Question 26

How long can Brucella titers stay positive?

Answer 26

up to 3 years

Question 27

Which bacteria are associated with sulfur granules?

Answer 27

nocardia

Question 28

What bacteria is associated with anaerobic infections?

Answer 28

actinomyces

Question 29

How do you differentiate between Actinomyces and Nocardia?

Answer 29

cytology and culture

Question 30

How do you treat Nocardia?

Answer 30

abx - trimethoprim sulphonamides | treat for 6 weeks

Question 31

How do you treat Actinomyces?

Answer 31

abx - penicillins | treat 4 weeks post resolution

Question 32

What is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi?

Answer 32

Ixodes spp.

Question 33

How long does it take for the host to become infected once tick engorges?

Answer 33

48-50 hours post attachment

Question 34

How long does it take for clinical signs to develop after Borrelia infection?

Answer 34

2-5 months post exposure

Question 35

What are the two proteins Borrelia has?

Answer 35

Outer surface protein A and outer surface protein C

Question 36

Which protein from Borrelia helps the bacterium adhere to the midgut of infected ticks?

Answer 36

Osp A

Question 37

What does Osp C in Borrelia do?

Answer 37

with warmth of new environment, skin surface temperature of the host

Question 38

How does Borrelia evade the hosts immune defenses ?

Answer 38

usually found extracellularly in joints, fibroblasts, astrocytes and can survive long periods of time can morph from spiral shape to spherical shape to survive

Question 39

What percentages of dogs do not develop clinical signs form Borrelia?

Answer 39

90-95% of exposed dogs do not develop clinical signs

Question 40

What are the clinical signs for Borrelia?

Answer 40

fever, lymphadenopathy, POLYARTHRITIS, meningitis, protein-loosing glomerulopathy, arthritis, myocarditis

Question 41

Is there a pathognomonic test for Borrelia infection?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

How do you diagnose Borrelia infection?

Answer 42

serology for antibodies against Borrelia and antibodies to outer surface protein C6 - 4Dx snap test

Question 43

Who do we treat for Borrelia?

Answer 43

dogs that test positive on C6 snap test AND has clinical signs dogs that test positive but show no clinical signs should not be treated

Question 44

If a dog tests positive for Borrelia, what other test should you perform?

Answer 44

you should test for proteinuria, if UPC is elevated you should then treat for lyme