Infectious Disease Flashcards

Question

Blood/ Labs for mononucleosis?

Answer 1

increased lymphocyte and monocyte counts, development and persistence of heterophile antibodies. Circulating B cells spread the infection throughout reticular endothelial system, which includes the liver, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes. Infection of B lymphocytes produces a humoral and cellular response to the virus. The T-lymphocyte response is essential in controlling the infection because this response determines the clinical expression of viral infection. A rapid and efficient T-cell response results in control of the infection and lifelong suppression of EBV, whereas an ineffective T-cell response may lead to excessive and uncontrolled B-cell proliferation, resulting in B-lymphocyte malignancies.

Answer 2

During the acute illness, stress the need for bed rest. Warn the patient to avoid excessive activity, which could lead to splenic rupture. If the patient is a student, explain that undertaking less demanding school assignments and seeing friends are fine, but he or she should avoid long, difficult projects until after recovery. Patients should avoid exposing other people to their affected body secretions because virus remains viable for months after the initial infection

Answer 3

Contact Precautions severe skin disorder epidermal erythema, peeling, and necrosis that give the skin a scalded appearance. Most prevalent in infants ages 1 to 3 months but may develop in children younger than age 5 years. Rarely, this disorder may affect adults undergoing immunosuppressant therapy. most children recover fully; however, the mortality rate for adults with SSSS secondary to toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in the blood is more than 60%. Transmission usually from asymptomatic carrier. Predisposing factors may include impaired immunity and renal insufficiency, which are present to some extent in the normal neonate because of immature development of these systems.

Answer 4

1. Erythema: Erythema becomes visible usually around the mouth and other orifices; may spread in widening circles over the entire body surface. 2. Exfoliation (24 to 48 hours later): With the more common, localized form of the disease, superficial erosions and minimal crusting occur, usually around body orifices, and may spread to exposed skin areas. With the more severe form of SSSS, large, flaccid bullae erupt and may spread to cover extensive body areas. When they rupture, these bullae expose sections of tender, oozing, denuded skin. Intact lesions may not be found because the bullae are fragile; only the erosions may be visible. At first, the patient with this disorder may appear to be sunburned or to have scarlet fever, but inspection of the mouth shows the lack the oral lesions characteristic of scarlet fever. 3. Desquamation: In this final stage, affected areas dry up & powdery scales form. Sheets of epidermis shed, and the skin appears reddish in 5 to 7 days. Residual scarring is rare. During initial disease stages, palpation of affected areas results in Nikolsky sign (sloughing of the skin when friction is applied). Bullae are so fragile that minimal palpation produces tender, red, moist areas.

Answer 5

systemic antibiotic to treat originating infection. Cloxacillin (a penicillinase-resistant antistaphylococcal antibiotic) is the drug of choice and is used to prevent secondary infection. In severe cases, fluid and electrolyte replacement measures are also instituted to maintain balance.

Answer 6

Maintain skin integrity. Use strict aseptic technique to preclude secondary infection, especially during the exfoliation stage (because of open lesions). To prevent friction and sloughing of the skin, leave affected areas uncovered or loosely covered. Place cotton between severely affected fingers and toes to prevent webbing. Administer warm baths & soaks during the recovery period. Gently debride exfoliated areas. Isolation

Answer 7

Always remove gloves first. Face shield or goggles- touch only straps or strings. Gown- untie waist, then neck, then pull gown forward toward wrists,turning it inside out.

Answer 8

N-95 respirator

Answer 9

Glove should cover the cuffs of the gown sleeves

Answer 10

Pelvic inflammatory disease | Infertility

Answer 11

ARTHRALGIA Other symptoms: lethargy, flulike sx, anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain, gi problems, fever.

Answer 12

30ml/ hour

Answer 13

Conjunctivitis Respiratory infection Infected by cervicovaginal secretions during delivery.

Answer 14

Homogeneous, greenish gray, | Watery, frothy or purulent

Answer 15

Thin and grayish white. | Fishy odor.

Answer 16

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Tampon in vagina for more than 8 hours creates environment for bacteria and enters bloodstream through breaks in vaginal mucosa.

Answer 17

1-Primary syphilis: sore(s) at original site of infection (genitals, around anus or in rectum, or in or around mouth. Sores are usually firm, round, painless. 2-Secondary:include rash on palms and soles of feet, swollen lymph nodes, fever. 3-Latent stage, there are no signs or symptoms. 4-Tertiary stage: severe medical problems. Can affect the heart, brain, and other organs.

Answer 18

AIDS diagnosis: Must have HIV, Have CD4 T-cell count below 200. Have one or more opportunistic infections or cancers.

Answer 19

80% T cells | 20% B cells

Answer 20

Killer T cells: bind to surface of invading cell, disrupt membrane and destroy it by altering its internal environment. Helper T cells: stimulate B cells to mature. Suppressor T cells: reduce humoral response.

Answer 21

B cells: Produced and mature in Bone marrow. T cells: produced by bone marrow but they travel through bloodstream to get to Thymus gland and mature there.

Answer 22

T cells: antigen specific. Cell mediated immunity. B cells humoral immunity. Immunoglobulin mediated immunity.

Answer 23

Plasma cells | Memory cells

Answer 24

T cells have longer life span than B. T cells mature in lymph node, B cell mature outside lymph node. T cells act against tumor or transplant, B cells do not. T cells move to site of infection, B cells do not. T cells recognize antigens on outside of infected cells. B cells recognize surface antigen of the actual bacteria or virus.

Answer 25

Bulls eye rash | Erythema chromicum migrans.

Answer 26

``` Psychosis, dementia, heart failure, destruction of bone, destruction of skin and soft tissue. ```

Answer 27

``` Malaise, headache, dry cough, fever of 103, respiratory failure, multi organ failure ```

Answer 28

3 weeks to 6 months or longer

Answer 29

How fast people catch diseases

Answer 30

Low fat High calories, carbs and protein No etoh

Answer 31

Leukopenia Serious lymphopenia (lymphocytopenia) Anemia Thrombocytopenia

Answer 32

Round, red scaly lesions. Intense itching Slight red raised areas consisting of tiny vesicles. Fungal infection of the body.

Answer 33

Antibodies after exposure to disease. | Requires contact with disease.

Answer 34

No active immune processes involved Antibodies are passively received through placental transfer by immunoglobulin G (smallest immunoglobulin) and breast feeding (colostrum)

Answer 35

Rash can recur for weeks with exposure to heat or sun. Contact with respiratory secretions Contagious before onset of illness Incubation is 4–14 days and can be as long as 20 days. Caused by parvovirus B19 Complications include arthralgia and arthritis. Mild systemic symptoms Occasional fever Red facial rash, giving a “slapped cheek” appearance Circumoral pallor Symmetric lacy rash on the trunk and limbs Rarely seen in dark-skinned individuals Complications include aseptic meningitis, rapid onset of asymmetric acute flaccid paralysis and residual paralytic disease involving the motor neurons, and paralysis of respiratory muscles.

Answer 36

Diagnostic of rubeola. (Measles) “ulcerated mucosal lesions marked by necrosis, neutrophilic exudate, and neovascularization.” Rubeola has a descending maculopapular rash

Answer 37

Varicella zoster is transmitted through mucous membranes contact, airborne and direct lesion contact. Negative airflow room with strict droplet and airborne precautions.

Answer 38

Measles (rubeola)

Answer 39

Varicella has a complication of hepatitis. SGOT is released when liver is damaged. Monitor liver function.

Answer 40

Rose pink rash appears when fever returns to normal. Starts on trunk and lasts a few days. Rash does NOT itch or form scabs. (Transmission is through oral secretions)

Answer 41

Aseptic meningitis Symptoms of aseptic meningitis are: headache, still neck and photophobia. 15% of mumps will develop this complication.

Answer 42

``` Eye defects CNS effects Heart defects Auditory defects Severe mental retardation ```

Answer 43

Wash crusts daily with soap and water. | Wet compresses to soften crusts

Answer 44

Usually by cuddling an animal. But can be also spread person to person.

Answer 45

Fever, Urethral discharge Arthritis (Lesions and rash would be indicative of syphilis)

Answer 46

Spreads from vagina to uterus and then to tubes and ovaries. Strictures and obstruction can happen. Increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. Estrogen production is not affected.

Answer 47

Can be mild flu-like to fatal encephalitis.

Answer 48

Artificial active immunity

Answer 49

antibodies when they are ill with diphtheria or cytomegalovirus. Or, antibody treatment may be used as a preventive measure after exposure to a pathogen to try to stop illness from developing (such as with respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], measles, tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies, or chickenpox). Antibody treatment may not be used for routine cases of these diseases, but it may be beneficial to high-risk individuals, such as people with immune system deficiencies.

Answer 50

caused by a fungus that produces these symptoms. It is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS. Weight loss, night sweats, persistent diarrhea are symptoms of AIDS;

Answer 51

Pentamidine can cause fatal hypoglycemia

Answer 52

Taking antiretroviral medications such as protease inhibitor, indinavir, on a rigid time schedule is essential for effective treatment of HIV infection and to avoid development of drug resistant-strains of the virus

Answer 53

allay concerns about contagious aspect TB. Instruct to follow medication regimen exactly as prescribed and always to have a supply of the medication on hand. Advise of the med side effects ways of minimizing them to ensure compliance. After 2 to 3 weeks of medication therapy, it is unlikely that the client will infect anyone. Activities should be resumed gradually and need for adequate nutrition and a well-balanced diet that is rich in iron, protein, and vitamin C to promote healing and prevent recurrence of infection. Inform the client and family that respiratory isolation is not necessary because family members already have been exposed. Instruct the client about thorough hand washing and to cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing and to put used tissues into plastic bags. Inform the client that a sputum culture is needed every 2 to 4 weeks once medication therapy is initiated. When the results of three sputum cultures are negative, the client is no longer considered infectious and can usually return to former employment.

Answer 54

antitubercular medication. Common side effect of isoniazid is peripheral neuritis, manifested by numbness, tingling, and paresthesias in the extremities. This can be minimized with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) intake. Isoniazid (INH) is hepatotoxic, and therefore the client is taught to report signs and symptoms of hepatitis immediately, which include yellow skin and sclera. For the same reason, alcohol should be avoided during therapy. The client should avoid intake of Swiss cheese, fish such as tuna, and foods containing tyramine because they may cause a reaction characterized by redness and itching of the skin, flushing, sweating, tachycardia, headache, or light-headedness. The client can avoid developing peripheral neuritis by increasing the intake of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) during the course of isoniazid therapy.

Answer 55

Ethambutol causes optic neuritis, which decreases visual acuity and the ability to discriminate between the colors red and green. This poses a potential safety hazard when a client is driving a motor vehicle. The client is taught to report this symptom immediately. The client also is taught to take the medication with food if gastrointestinal upset occurs. (Impaired hearing results from antitubercular therapy with streptomycin. ) (Orange red discoloration of secretions occurs with rifampin (Rifadin). )

Answer 56

It inhibits mycobacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and suppresses protein synthesis. Side effects include rash, gastrointestinal disturbances, neutropenia (low neutrophil count), red-orange–colored body secretions, uveitis (blurred vision and eye pain), myositis, arthralgia, hepatitis, chest pain with dyspnea, and flu-like syndrome. Vitamin B6 deficiency and numbness and tingling in the extremities is associated with the use of isoniazid (INH). Ethambutol (Myambutol) also causes peripheral neuritis. Focus on the name of the medication to assist in answering the question and use the process of elimination. Vitamin B6 deficiency and numbness and tingling in the extremities is associated with the use of isoniazid will assist in answering.

Answer 57

via direct contact with or droplet spread from an infected person. Droplet precautions are indicated during the period of communicability, which is immediately before and after swelling begins.

Answer 58

is 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash to 6 days after the first crop of vesicles, when crusts have formed.

Answer 59

Rubeola is transmitted via airborne particles or direct contact with infectious droplets. Airborne droplet precautions are required, and those in contact with the child should wear masks. The child is placed in a private room with negative air pressure. Doors remain closed. Gowns and gloves are not necessary, but standard precautions are used. Articles that are contaminated should be bagged and labeled. Special enteric precautions and protective isolation are NOT indicated in rubeola. Remember that rubeola is transmitted via the airborne route. communicable period for rubeola ranges from 4 days before to 5 days after the rash appears, mainly during the prodromal stage

Answer 60

Pastia's sign describes a rash seen in scarlet fever that will blanch with pressure except in areas of deep creases and the folds of joints. The tongue initially is coated with a white furry covering, with red projecting papillae (white strawberry tongue). By the fourth to fifth day, the white strawberry tongue sloughs off, leaving a red swollen tongue (strawberry tongue). The pharynx is edematous and beefy red.

Answer 61

Most children infected with HIV develop symptoms within the first 9 months of life. The remainder of these infected children become symptomatic sometime before the age of 3 years. Children, with their immature immune systems, have a much shorter incubation period than adults. positive antibody test in a child younger than 18 months of age indicates only that the mother is infected, because maternal immunoglobulin G antibodies persist in infants for 6 to 9 months and, in some cases, as long as 18 months. A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) does not indicate true HIV infection. detection of HIV in infants is confirmed by a p24 antigen assay, virus culture of HIV, or polymerase chain reaction. A Western blot test confirms the presence of HIV antibodies. The CD4+ cell count indicates how well the immune system is working. Specific laboratory tests to review include ELISA, Western blot, CD4+ cell count, and p24 antigen assay.

Answer 62

Meningitis is an infectious process of the central nervous system caused by bacteria and viruses; it may be acquired as a primary disease or as a result of complications of neurosurgery, trauma, infection of the sinus or ears, or systemic infections. Meningitis is diagnosed by testing cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture. In the case of bacterial meningitis, findings usually include an elevated pressure, turbid or cloudy cerebrospinal fluid, and elevated leukocyte, elevated protein, and decreased glucose levels.

Answer 63

Antibody: highly specific protein transported in bloodstream to fight invading microorganisms. Antigen: substance that provokes an immune response

Answer 64

Red spots with Tiny bluish- white center. Seen on buffalo mucosa opposite molars 2 days before measles rash appears. Associated with measles/ rubeola

Infectious Disease Flashcards

(90 cards)