Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MSK > Infectious Disease and Neoplasms > Flashcards

Infectious Disease and Neoplasms Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the pathology of Osteopetrosis?

A
  • Bones are abnormally dense and prone to breakage
  • Osteoclasts fail to resorb bone
  • Bones become sclerotic and thick but brittle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the etiology of Osteopetrosis?

A

heredity disease (uncommon), infantile form often fatal

  • Adult onset autosomal dominant
  • Infantile and intermediate onset: autosomal recessive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the S/Sxs of Osteopetrosis?

A

Vary depending on type

  • Bone fx
  • Low blood cell levels
  • Impaired vision and hearing
  • Dental problems related to infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the workup for Osteopetrosis?

A

XR- bones w/ chalky white appearing, unusually dense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the treatment for Osteopetrosis?

A
  • Bone marrow transplants
  • Interferon gamma 1b: delays disease progression
  • Prednisone
  • Calcitriol
  • Symptomatic care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pathology of Osteomalacia?

A

Occurs in adults after epiphyseal closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pathology of Rickets?

A

Softening and weakening of bones in infants and children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the etiology of Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A
  • Abnormal calcium, phosphorus or Vit D metabolism = accumulation of osteoid before epiphyseal closure (or after) = decrease bone stability.
  • Inadequate dairy intake
  • VDRR, hereditary hypophosphatemia rickets
  • Chronic renal failure = renal osteodystrophy = renal rickets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the MC cause of Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the risks of Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A
  • kids <2
  • Northern latitudes
  • Darker skin
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Solely breast feeing
  • CKD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the S/Sxs of Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A
  • Muscle weakness
  • Protuberant abdomen
  • Delayed growth
  • Abnormalities of skull and teeth
  • Bowing of lower extremities (femur and tibia)
  • SCFE common with renal rickets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the workup for Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A

XR

- Rickets: milk man and looser lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A
  • Tx underlying cause

- Referral to endo and ortho

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the pathology of Osteopenia?

A
  • Early stages of osteoporosis

- 1/3 men vs 3/5 women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the greatest and earliest loss of Osteopenia?

A

Trabecular bone in thoracic/lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the etiology of Osteopenia?

A
  • Deficiency of some kind- estrogen, Vit D. Calcium
  • Osteoclast bone resorption increases
  • Decrease in bone formation (osteoblasts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the S/Sx of Osteopenia?

A

No S/Sxs unless fracture occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the workup for Osteopenia?

A
  • DEXA
  • BMD: 1 to 2.5
  • T score: -1 to -2.5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is tx for Osteopenia?

A
  • Prevention is key
  • Exercise and nutrient- calcium and Vit D
  • Estrogen not appropriate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pathology of Osteoporosis?

A

W>M

- more bone loss compared to osteopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the etiology of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Deficiency of some kind- estrogen, Vit D. Calcium
  • Osteoclast bone resorption increases
  • Decrease in bone formation (osteoblasts)
  • 1st two yrs of menopause is when you’ll see the most bone changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are S/Sxs of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Usually none
  • Progressive dorsal kyphosis
  • Skeletal pain - often d/t fx
  • Insufficient fractures
  • Spontaneous or minimal trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the risks for Osteoporosis?

A
  • Older age
  • Female
  • Low BMI
  • Not using estrogen replacement
  • Smoking
  • Caucasian
  • Limited weight bearing activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the workup for Osteoporosis?

A 
DEXA (1st line)
- All women >65 and men >70
- Start at 60 if increased risk
- Post menopausal women 
XR
Labs: BMP, CBC, TSH, Vit D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the treatment for Osteoporosis?
- Estrogen replacement therapy - Bisphosphates ( 5 yrs max) - SERMs - Calcium 1500 Mg/day - Vitamin D 800U/day - Repeat screening annually or biannually
26
What is the pathology of Pagets disease?
Middle to older age, familial risk
27
What is the etiology of Pagets disease?
Chaotic bone remodeling-increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity = disorganized woven and lamellar bone - Enlarger, hypervascular bone
28
What are the S/Sxs of Pagets disease?
- Discovery often incidental and asymptotic - Often affecting the pelvis, spine, sacrum, femur, skull, tibia, humerus, scapula - Gradual progression of disease - Bone pain and pathologic features - May notice deformity
29
What is the workup for Pagets disease?
- XRs: Well demarcated areas of decalcification early - New bone-increased density, expansion of bone and coarse trabeculation - Sclerosis, enlargement and increase bone density - Increase serum alk phos or bone specific
30
What is the treatment for Pagets disease?
- If asymptotic = no therapy - Optimal calcium and vitamin D intake - Bisphosphonates - NSAIDs for pain
31
What are some mechanisms that cause septic joint?
- Hematogenous (MC) - blood from bacterial/viral illness - Contiguous spread - Direct introduction (rusty nail)
32
What are the S/Sxs of septic joint?
- Painful, swollen, red and warm joint - Fever - Inability or pain with weight bearing
33
What is the workup for septic joint?
- Labs: increases WBC, ESR, CRP | - Joint aspiration: WBC > 50,000 bacteria
34
What is the treatment for septic joint?
- IV antibiotics guided by aspiration followed by oral | - Surgery
35
What is Tenosynovitis?
- Inflammation of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis - Radial aspect of wrist - MC form of tendonitis at the wrist
36
What is the cause of Tenosynovitis?
Overuse, repetitive activities, often chronic
37
What are the S/Sxs of Tenosynovitis?
- Radial sided wrist pain - Increase pain w/ activities - Swelling
38
What is the workup for Tenosynovitis?
- TTP first dorsal compartment | - Positive Finkelstein's test
39
What is the treatment for Tenosynovitis?
- Avoid activities - Thumb spica splint - NSAIDs - Rest, Ice
40
What is Osteonecrosis/Avascular necrosis?
Death of bone tissue d/t lack of blood supply | - Ischemic pathophysiology
41
What causes Osteonecrosis/Avascular necrosis?
- Trauma - EtOH - Corticosteroid use
42
What is the workup for Osteonecrosis/Avascular necrosis?
- XRs: wedge-shapes areas of increased density and segmental collapse, eventual loss of normal bone shape
43
What is the treatment for Osteonecrosis/Avascular necrosis?
- Early- NSAIDs, rest, PT | - Late- surgery, osteotomy, and joint replacement
44
What is Pyogenic osteomyelitis?
Infections of bone caused by microorganisms
45
What are some pathways that cause Pyogenic osteomyelitis in both kids and adults?
- Kids: Hematogenous - Adults: contiguous and trauma - Implantation of foreign device - Contiguous focus of infection
46
What are the S/Sxs of ACUTE Pyogenic osteomyelitis?
- Local S/S infection - Systemic illness - Tenderness - Pain in involved area - Decreased ROM
47
What are the S/Sxs of CHRONIC Pyogenic osteomyelitis?
- prolonged infection = necrotic bone - Open injury - Bone pain - Erythema - Drainage (sinus tracts)
48
What is the workup for Pyogenic osteomyelitis?
- Elevated: ESR, CRP. WBC - XR: osteolysis, periosteal reaction, and sequestra - MRI - Blood cultures for acute hematogenous- MC staph aureus - Chronic: different variety (ie DM pt w/ open sores)
49
What is the treatment for Pyogenic osteomyelitis?
- Team approach - IV antibiotics (initial tx - 6 wks) (vanco) - Surgery
50
What pts usually have Tuberculosis osteomyelitis?
AKA Potts disease - seen in older immigrants - More common in HIV/AIDs
51
What are the S/Sxs of Tuberculosis osteomyelitis?
- Back pain: vertebral MC involved d/t TB in the lungs | - Slow and indolent w/ more propensity for abscess formation.
52
What are the treatment for Tuberculosis osteomyelitis?
Double-Drug antituberculotic therapy (isoniazid and rifampin)
53
What are Osteomas?
- Benign tumor, slow growing | - New piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone
54
What is the MC location for Osteomas?
Skull (frontal bone)
55
What are the S/Sxs of Osteomas?
- Vary on location - Cranial nerve or visual/hearing issues (if growth is on inside of skull) - Round, hard smooth mass - Can be painful
56
What is the treatment for Osteomas?
Disappear on their own or surgery if painful or cosmetic reason
57
What are Osteoblastomas?
- Benign, can become aggressive and malignant - M > F - 2nd-3rd decades of life (10-29)
58
Where are Osteoblastomas usually located?
Diaphysis of long bones
59
What are the S/Sxs of Osteoblastomas?
- Painful, night pain | - Swelling and tenderness
60
What is the workup for Osteoblastomas?
- XR: lucent defect w/ various degrees of density | - Well circumscribed
61
What is the treatment for Osteoblastomas?
Surgical curettage
62
What are Osteosarcomas?
- MC malignant tumor, most high grade - MC in children and adolescent - M > F (1.5-2x)
63
Where are Osteosarcomas usually located?
Metaphysis of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus)
64
What are the S/Sx of Osteosarcomas?
Pain and swelling of affected area (usually upper arm or around knee)
65
What is the workup for Osteosarcomas?
XR: - Destructive lesion - Moth eaten appearance - Sunburst appearance - Cuff of new periosteal - New bone formation (Codmans triangle)
66
What is the treatment for Osteosarcomas?
- Core-needle bx or open bx - Chemo (pre and post op) - Limb sparing surgery - NO role for radiation therapy
67
What are Osteochondromas?
- MC benign bone tumor, slow growing - Outgrowth of growth plate - Grows with child, as they grow then it usually stops - 1st-3rd decades of life (0-29)
68
Where are Osteochondromas usually located?
- Metaphysis of long bones | - Sometimes in small hand and foot bones
69
What are the S/Sx of Osteochondromas?
Nonpainful
70
What is the workup for Osteochondromas?
XR: bony prominence usually growing away from closest joint
71
What is the treatment for Osteochondromas?
Usually none required
72
What are Chondromas?
- Benign cartilage tumor: made up of mature cartilage
73
Where are Chondromas usually located?
Small bones of hands and feet, humerus, and femur
74
What are the S/Sxs of Chondromas?
- Asymptomatic - Pain (dull) - Swelling - Can be endochondromas (going into the bone)
75
What can endochondromas cause?
- Fractures | - Causes thinning and takes away stability
76
What is the treatment for Chondromas?
Surgical removal
77
What are Chondroblastomas?
- Rare and benign | - Males younger than 25
78
Where are Chondroblastomas usually located?
- Epiphysis of long bones (femur and humerus) | - MC: around knee and shoulder
79
What are the S/Sxs of Chondroblastomas?
- Joint pain - Joint stiffness - Muscle atrophy (d/t no using joint/extremity) - Limp
80
What is the treatment for Chondroblastomas?
- Curettage, bone graft and packing | - Resection
81
What is an Ewing Sarcoma?
- Malignant and very aggressive - Lesions below elbow and below mid calf w/ no mets = 80% 5 yr survival rate w/ tx - Adolescent, 2nd decade of life (10-19)
82
Where are Ewing Sarcoma usually located?
Diaphyseal region of long bone and flat bones
83
What are the S/Sx of Ewing Sarcoma?
- Pain and palpable mass (d/t soft tissue rxn) - Pathologic fx - Fever and weight loss
84
What is the workup for Ewing Sarcoma?
XR: onion peel periosteal rxn and soft tissue mass
85
What is the treatment for Ewing Sarcoma?
- Chemo-systemic = mainstay | - Surgery- local resection, limb salvage
86
What is a Giant Cell tumor?
- Benign, aggressive-connective tissue, stromal cells and giant cells - F > M - Adults
87
Where are Giant cell tumors usually located?
Lower extremities - epiphyseal regions of long bones
88
What are the S/Sx of Giant cell tumors?
Pain and swelling at lesion site
89
What is the workup for Giant cell tumors?
XR: - Expansive lesions, osteolytic (destroying the bone) - Extend into subchondral bone - Cortical thinning
90
What is the treatment for Giant cell tumors?
- Surgery: most effective - Curettage and graft (cement) - Radiation: usually only if surgery is not an option
91
What are the MC sites of origin for bone metastases?
- Prostate - Breast - Lung - Kidney - Bladder - Thyroid
92
What are the MC bones involved for bone metastases?
- Vertebrae - Proximal femur - Pelvis - Ribs - Sternum - Proximal humerus - Skull
93
What are some common characteristic of a spinal tumor?
- Neck or back pain - Pain worsens at night and with physical activity - Numbness/tingling/weakness in extremities - On imaging you are able to see tumor compressing of the spinal cord
94
What radiographic features are seen with bone cysts?
- Lucid lesions with a narrow zone of transition, mostly seen in skeletally immature pt - Centrally located well demarcated - They sometimes expand the bone with thinning without breach of the cortex unless there is a pathologic fracture.
95
What radiographic features are seen with benign tumors?
- Geographic bone destruction - Slow growing, well defined margins - Thicker sclerotic margins (better encapsulated)
96
What radiographic features are seen with cancerous tumors?
- Moth eaten pattern - Permeative bone destruction w/ poorly defined margins - Rapidly growing

MSK (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions