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Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Which virus is responsible for >80% of cat flu cases?

List another virus responsible for cat flu

A

Feline calici virus (FCV)

FHV-1

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2
Q

List 3 bacterial causes of cat flu

A
  1. Mycoplasma felis
  2. Pasturella spp.
  3. Streptococcus equi (zooepidemicus)
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3
Q

List 3 ways you can diagnose cat flu

A
  1. Isolation & culture
  2. PCR
  3. Serology (limited)
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4
Q

Which antibiotic is most appropriate to treat cat flu?

A

Doxycycline

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5
Q

What is the carrier status of FHV-1 in cats?

A

80% are life long carriers (intermittent shedders)

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6
Q

What is the carrier status of FCV in cats?

A

100% shed at 30 days
50% shed at 75 days
10-25% shed long term

*No real latency, carriers will shed the virus while infected

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7
Q

How long can FHV-1 survive in the environment?

A

< 24 hours

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8
Q

How long can FCV survive in the environment?

A

8-10 days

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9
Q

List 3 possible treatments for FHV-1 cat flu

A
  1. L-lysine
  2. Famcycovir
  3. Polyprenyl immunostimulant
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10
Q

Describe a general treatment course for cat flu

A

Antibiotics and fluid/nursing support

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11
Q

How is cat flu spread

A

Via aerosols

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12
Q

List 5 ways to manage the spread of cat flu

A
  1. Decrease stocking density
  2. Increase air flow
  3. Provide sneeze barriers
  4. Disinfection
  5. Stop breeding
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13
Q

Which virus causes acute cat flu

How is the infection classified?

A

Highly pathogenic vascular systemic FCV (VS-FCV)

Severe systemic haemorrhagic fever like vascular systemic disease

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14
Q

Which group is more affected by acute cat flu (VS-FCV)

A

Adult cats

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15
Q

List 2 clinical signs of acute cat flu (VS-FCV)

Provide 3 additional general clinical signs

A
  1. SQ oedema / ulcerative dermatitis
  2. Coagulopathy / systemic vasculitis (DIC)

Pyrexia, mouth ulcers and nasal discharge

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16
Q

Why is VS-FCV so prevelent in crowded, high stress environments (i.e., resuce centres)?

A

There is a lot of FCV biodiversity in large groups (different strains, persistent/coinciding infections), meaning the virus is likely to keep re-infecting animals in the centre and recombine with other strains to make a highly pathogenic and virulent strains

There is also lots of non-neutralizing immunity, which means cats in these centres will not present with VSD, just cat flu

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17
Q

What happens when you take a cat with VS-FCV out of a resuce centre and introduce it to a non-exposed cat, and why?

A

The non-exposed cat will develop VSD from the highly pathogenic FCV, because the virus will have an altered cell tropism and basically infect everywhere

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18
Q

List 3 ways you can diagnose VS-FCV

A
  1. Epidemiology
  2. Isolation & culture
  3. Post mortem

Serology is of limited value

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19
Q

List a treatment option for VS-FCV

A

High dose interferon

Or remdesivir

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20
Q

Is vaccination effective against VS-FCV?

A

No

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21
Q

List 3 viral causes of feline infectious peritonitis

Which causes more severe disease?

A
  1. Feline coronaviruses
  2. Feline enteric coronaviruses
  3. Feline infectious peritonitis viruses

FIPVs

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22
Q

Good MCQ

Describe the pathogenesis of FIP

A
  1. Oral infection
  2. Replication in pharynx & intestines
  3. Invades enterocytes
  4. Systemic infection & immune response
  5. Widespread dissemination
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23
Q

Why is there such a high risk with FIP?

A

They are RNA viruses so they can readily mutate - when they infect & replicate in macrophages they can mutate to an even more pathogenic strain

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24
Q

List 3 factors affecting the host’s response to FCoV

A
  1. Dose of the virus
  2. Age of the cat
  3. Genetics of the cat
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25
What is the majority outcome of infection with FCoV?
Transient infection
26
How many cats infected with FCoV develop FIP?
5-10%
27
Describe the pathological progression of wet FIP
Inflammation of blood vessels causes protein rich fluid to leak into the body cavity causing ascites and/or pleural/pericardial effusions
28
Wet FIP: acute or chronic
Acute
29
Dry FIP: acute or chronic
Chronic
30
List one clinical sign of dry FIP for each tissue affected: eye, abdomen, liver, kidney and CNS
Eye: uveitis Abdomen: diarrhoea Liver: jaundice Kidney: renomegaly CNS: ataxia
31
List 3 changes you would see on a serum biochem for FIP
1. Increased alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (an inflammatory mediator) 2. A:G ratio less than 0.4 (indicates an inflammatory process) 3. Increased globulins (indicates inflammatory process)
32
An AGP greater than __ is indicative of FIP
1500 ug/mL
33
Which diagnostics tests for FIP can confirm infection
Immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR
34
Which diagnostic test for FIP can identify FCoV but not FIPV
RT-PCR
35
List 3 possible treatment options for FIP | What are their success rates?
1. Polyprenyl immuno-stimulant (dry FIP) - 10% 2. Nucleoside analogue GS (increase dose for wet & neuro FIP) - 77-96% 3. Remdesivir (GS prodrug) - 85-90%
36
How can you control the spread of FIP?
Reduce the number of cats in one place, and proper hygiene (disinfection & litter boxes)
37
Describe Canine Distemper virus
Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus
38
Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for CDV
Aerosol spread, infects tissue macrophages, infects tonsils and local lymph nodes, clinical disease manifests in the: - eyes - cutaneous epithelium - GI epithelium - CNS - respiratory epithelium
39
Where is CDV excreted
From the resp and GI epithelium
40
List 3 GI clinical signs of CDV
1. Vomiting 2. Diarrhoea 3. Anorexia
41
List 3 respiratory clinical signs of CDV
1. Coughing 2. Bronchopneumonia 3. Oculo-nasal discharge (key feature)
42
List 3 ocular clinical signs of CDV
1. Bilateral muco-purulent conjunctivits 2. Dry eye 3. Retinal degeneration
43
List 3 dermatological clinical signs of CDV
1. Pustular dermatitis 2. Nasal & digital hyperkeratosis 3. Hard pad (KEY! feature)
44
List 3 CNS clinical signs of CDV
1. Vestibular dysfunction 2. Seizures 3. Myoclonus (twitching)
45
List 3 specific tests you can perform for CDV, and what each one tests for
1. IFA on conjunctival smears (viral antigen) 2. ELISA for Anti-CDV IgG (antibody) 3. qRT-PCR on CSF (viral DNA)
46
Which test for CDV is best for testing in the acute phase of disease?
IFA
47
Why are ELISA and qRT-PCR not always the best for confirming CDV?
ELISA can only tell you about previous exposure (false positive) qRT-PCR can't discriminate between vaccine and natural infection
48
Describe Canine Adenovirus-1
Non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus
49
Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for CAV-1
Oro-nasal infection, infects tonsils & regional lymph nodes, viraemia, clinical disease manifests in the: - Liver - Vascular endothelium - Eye - Kidney
50
Where is CAV-1 excreted and for how long?
In the urine, for up to 9 months
51
List 3 hepatic signs of CAV-1
1. Hepatocellular necrosis 2. Hepatomeagaly 3. Abdominal distension | Jaundice is surprisingly uncommon
52
List 3 vascular clinical signs of CAV-1
1. Petechiation 2. Ecchymoses 3. Epistaxis
53
List the prinicple clinical sign of CAV-1 in the eye
Corneal oedema (blue eye)
54
What is the clinical presentation for per-acute infectious canine hepatitis
Within 6-24 hours of infection, collapse, coma and death
55
What is the clinical presentation for acute infectious canine hepatitis
Within 48-72 hours, it is very variable
56
What is the clinical presentation for chronic infectious canine hepatitis
Chronic hepatits, glomerulonephritis and uveitis
57
List 3 specific diagnostic tests for CAV-1 (ICH), and what each one tests for
1. PCR (viral DNA) 2. Anti-CAV-1 serology (antibodies) 3. Histopathology
58
List 3 viral causes of canine viral enteritis
1. Canine parvovirus 2. Canine rotavirus 3. Canine coronavirus
59
Describe Canine Parvovirus
Non-enveloped, DNA virus
60
What is the clinical incubation period for parvo?
4-14 days
61
Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for parvo
Oro-nasal exposure, infects the tonsils, lymph nodes and thymus, viraemia, clinical disease manifests in: - Lymph nodes - Bone marrow - GI epithelium - Eyes - Myocardium
62
Where is parvo excreted and for how long?
In the feces, for 3-10 days post infection
63
List 2 specific diagnostic tests for parvo
1. Fecal antigen test 2. PCR
64
What is another DDx for a dog presenting with parvo, and what could be the cause?
Infectious diarrhoae - caused by distemper, campylobacter, toxoplasmosis, giardia, leptospirosis, etc.
65
How would you generally treat canine infectious diseases?
Supportive care (fluids, anti-emetics, analgesia, nutrition, and antibiotics for secondary infections)
66
List 2 tertiary supportive therapies for parvoviral enteritis
1. Interferon gamma (cytokine) 2. Hyperimmune plasma transfusion from a previously infected survivor

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