Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

Microorganisms that are capable of causing disease

Question 2

True Pathogen

Answer 2

Ingectious agent that causes disease in virtually any susceptible host

Question 3

Opportunistic Pathogen

Answer 3

Potentially infectious agents that rearely cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

Results when a pathogen invades and begins growing within a host

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

Results only if as a consequence of the invasion and growth of a pathogen, tissue function is impaired

Question 6

Infectious disease caused by

Answer 6

invasion of host whose activities harm the host’s tissues and can be transmitted to other individuals

Question 7

Infectious

Answer 7

Easily transmitted

Question 8

Virulent

Answer 8

refers to the ability to cause disease (clinical disease)

Question 9

very contagious

Answer 9

easy transmitted

Question 10

not very virulent

Answer 10

not very likely to cause disease

Question 11

4 things to cause of disease

Answer 11

1. Enter the body
2. Adhere to specific host cells
3. invade and colonize host tissues
4. Inflict damage on those tissues

Question 12

What is disease damage often due to?

Answer 12

production of toxins or destructive enzymes by the pathogen

Question 13

Nonspecific Mechanisms

Answer 13

Body’s primary defense against disease
- anatomical barriers, physiological barriers and normal flora, natural openings, blood

Question 14

lysozyme

Answer 14

bacteria that breaks down bacterial cell walls (in saliva)

Question 15

phagocytic

Answer 15

kill bacteria and viruses

Question 16

Specific Mechanisms

Answer 16

immune response that enables the body to target particular pathogens

Question 17

Lymphocytes

Answer 17

Specialized white blood cells

Question 18

2 types of lymphocytes

Answer 18

T-cells - produced by lymphocytes in the thymus gland
B-cells - Produced by lymphocytes in bone marrow

Question 19

Mall-mediated response

Answer 19

involves t-cells. Responsible for directly destroying body cells infected with a virus or activating other immune cells to be more efficient microbe killers

Question 20

antibody-mediated response

Answer 20

involves both t-cells and (memory) b-cells
destructiong of invading pathogens and elimination of toxins

Question 21

Macrophage

Answer 21

phagocytic cells

Question 22

antigens

Answer 22

proteins on the surface of pathogens that elicit an immune response from the pathogen on surface

Question 23

lymphokines

Answer 23

signal molecules

Question 24

memory B-cells

Answer 24

can recognize antigens so quickly that an agent is not able to grow enough to cause disease

Question 25

vaccination

Answer 25

provides ways to artifically create more memory B-cells

Question 26

6 major types of microbes that cause infectious disease

Answer 26

1. bacteria 2. viruses 3. fungi 4. protozoa 5. helminths 6. prions

Question 27

Bacteria

Answer 27

unicellular, prokartyotic organisms with no organized internal membranous structures (nuclei, mitochondria or lysosomes) - binary fission - doubles stranded DNA

Question 28

aerobes

Answer 28

require oxygen

Question 29

anaerobes

Answer 29

don't need oxygen or can't tolerate

Question 30

facultatic anaerobes

Answer 30

can grow with or without oxygen

Question 31

Gram negative

Answer 31

appear pink

Question 32

Gram positive

Answer 32

appear purple

Question 33

Viruses

Answer 33

not organisms - composed of viral genome od nucleic acid that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. - many that infect animals surrounded by an outer lipid layer from host cell membrane as they leave the cell - can be single stranded (RNA) or double stranded (DNA)

Question 34

budding virus process

Answer 34

weakens but doesn't destroy the cell

Question 35

Rhinoviruses

Answer 35

cause most common colds

Question 36

Retroviruses

Answer 36

causes AIDS and several types of cancer

Question 37

Fungi

Answer 37

- eukaryotic (has nucleus - heterotrphic (eats to live) - chitin based cell walls - reproduction through spores

Question 38

Protozoa

Answer 38

- unicellular - heterotrophic - eukaryotes - no cell walls - capable of rapid and flexible movements - acquired throguh conatminated food or water or by the bite of an infected arthropod such as mosquito.

Question 39

Helminths

Answer 39

- simple invertebrate animals - multicellular and will have differenticiated tissues - difficult to treat - drugs that kill helminths are frequently toxic to human cells

Question 40

Helminths - Schistosoma

Answer 40

a flat worm that causes the mild disease, swimmer's itch in the US

Question 41

Helminths - trichinella spiralis

Answer 41

trichinosis

Question 42

Prions

Answer 42

infectious protein particles that cause degenerative disorders of the central nervous system - frequently result in brain tissue that is riddled with holes - infection by eating infected tissue, or tissue transplants