Infectious Diseases Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
An immunological disorder in which the body lacks one or more components of the immune system, making a person susceptible to infectious agents that would not ordinarily cause a problem.
A
Immunodeficiency Diseases
2
Q
A means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism, often a single cell, divides into two individuals of about equal size.
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Binary Fission
3
Q
A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and later produces antibodies; responsible for the humoral immune response.
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B Cells
4
Q
Abnormally high blood pressure consisting of a persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90. This condition can lead to a variety of serious cardiovascular disorders.
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Hypertension
5
Q
A virus that infects bacteria
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Bacteriophage
6
Q
One pair of endocrine glands, located atop each kidney in mammals, composed of an outer cortex and central medulla. Regulates metabolism and how the body responds to stress.
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Adrenal Glands
7
Q
An immunological disorder in which the immune system improperly attacks the body’s own molecules.
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Autoimmune Diseases
8
Q
A type of white blood cell that carries adaptive defenses—recognizing and responding to specific invading pathogens.
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Lymphocytes
9
Q
The eating of plant parts by an animal.
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Herbivory
10
Q
A small organ that is located along a lymph vessel and that filters lymph.
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Lymph Nodes
11
Q
One of the most significant events in the history of life.
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One of the most significant events in the history of life was the evolution of complex eukaryotic cells from simpler prokaryotic ones.
12
Q
Components of the environment that trigger an allergic reaction but are otherwise harmless.
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Allergens
13
Q
An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.
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Speciation
14
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A process in which organisms with certain inherited characters are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characters; unequal reproductive success.
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Natural Selection
15
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The formation of a new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.
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Sympatric Speciation
16
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Many species are able to reproduce only at specific times. Any attempts by members of another species to mate outside of this time frame will not be successful.
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Mating Time Differences
17
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A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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Phylogenetic Trees
18
Q
If species live in slightly different habitats, they may never meet.
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Habitat Isolation
19
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A procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless version of a pathogen, thereby stimulating an adaptive defense when the pathogen itself is encountered.
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Vaccination
20
Q
A dense layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells.
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Capsule
21
Q
Any molecule that elicits a response from a lymphocyte.
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Antigen
22
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The formation of a new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
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Allopatric Speciation
23
Q
A vessel that returns blood back to the heart.
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Veins
24
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Individuals with traits that make them well suited to compete for available resources will have, on average, more offspring.
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Natural Selection
25
The gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals or gametes into or out of the population.
Gene Flow
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The ordered sequence of fossils as they appear in the rock layers, marking the passing of geologic time.
Fossil Record
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The generation-to-generation change in the genetic makeup of a population.
Microevolution
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An ancestral species and all its descendants—a distinctive branch in the tree of life.
Clade
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If two members of different species do manage to mate, a hybrid organism may result. Such hybrids may be unfit, or they may be sterile and unable to reproduce themselves, or they may produce unfit offspring.
Hybrid Weakness
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A small ring of self-replicating DNA separate from the chromosome(s).
Plasmid
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Symbiotic relationship in which one species resides within another species.
Endosymbiosis
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One of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the lungs.
Pulmonary Circuit
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A group of populations whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
Species
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An exaggerated sensitivity to an antigen. Symptoms are triggered by histamines released from mast cells.
Allergies
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The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population.
Biological Control
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Disease-causing microorganisms—most often bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists.
Pathogens
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Members of different species often cannot mate because their anatomies are incompatible.
Mechanical Incompatibility
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What is an example of a vector?
Rodents, fleas, ticks, mosquitos.
39
What does the hypothalamus do?
The hypothalamus functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems. It synthesizes hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary and regulates the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary.
40
Evolutionary change above the species level, including the origin of evolutionary novelty and new taxonomic groups and the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery.
Macroevolution
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Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size.
Bottleneck Effect
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All genes in a population at any one time.
Gene Pool
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Types of lymphocytes.
B cells and T cells.
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A form of interspecific interaction in which both populations benefit.
Mutualism
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The maintenance of a low population of a pest through a variety of methods meant to promote a healthy environment.
Integrated Pest Management
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A virus that has appeared suddenly or has recently come to the attention of medical scientists.
Emerging Virus
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Flowers?
Perhaps the most significant event in the history of plants was the evolution of the flower, a complex reproductive organ that characterizes the angiosperms. The vast majority of living plants are angiosperms.
48
Members of a species often identify each other through specific rituals, markings, or smells.
Behavioral Isolation
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First group of plants to evolve?
The first group of plants to evolve was the bryophytes, nonvascular plants that tend to grow in low mats. (Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts).
50
The body’s main system for internal chemical regulation, consisting of all hormone-secreting cells; cooperates with the nervous system in regulating body functions and maintaining homeostasis.
Endocrine System
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A method for determining the age of fossils and rocks from the ratio of a radioactive isotope to the nonradioactive isotope(s) of the same element in the sample.
Radiometric Dating
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In multicellular organisms, a regulatory chemical that travels in body fluids from its production site to other sites, where target cells respond to the regulatory signal.
Hormones
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An interaction in which a predator species kills and eats a prey species.
Predation
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Affects growth and development, promotes female sexual characteristics, and regulates reproductive cycles.
Ovaries
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A long-lived lymphocyte that responds to subsequent exposures to a specific pathogen.
Memory Cells
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The concept that populations of two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are nearly identical.
Competitive Exclusion Principle
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In the fossil record, long periods of little apparent change (equilibria) interrupted (punctuated) by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
Punctuated Equilibrium
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A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Sexual Selection
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The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits.
Artificial Selection
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A gland that synthesizes hormone molecules and secretes them directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine Glands
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The transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another by a phage.
Transduction
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A surface-coating cooperative colony of prokaryotes and perhaps some microscopic eukaryotes.
Biofilms
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A non-native species that has spread far beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage by colonizing and dominating suitable habitats.
Invasive Species
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A fluid similar to interstitial fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system.
Lymph
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The production of a population of genetically identical lymphocytes that recognize and attack the specific antigen that stimulated their proliferation.
Clonal Selection
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A closed circulatory system, found in vertebrates, with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries,and veins.
Cardiovascular System
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Which type of cell displays greater nutritional diversity?
Prokaryotes display much greater nutritional diversity than eukaryotes.
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One of two main blood circuits in terrestrial vertebrates; conveys blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Systemic Circuit
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A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body.
Arteries
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The male gonad in an animal. The testis produces sperm and, in many species, reproductive hormones.
Testes
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The organ system through which lymph circulates; includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and several other organs.
Lymphatic System
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A spherical prokaryotic cell. May be found alone, in chains, or in clusters.
Cocci
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What does the endomembrane system include?
The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and plasma membrane.
74
A change in a population’s gene pool over a succession of generations; evolutionary changes in species over relatively brief periods of geologic time.
Microevolution
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Why are invasive species successful?
Invasive species are successful because they lack predators, herbivores (if the invasive species is a plant), or pathogens.
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The genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a small, new population whose gene pool differs from that of the parent population.
Founder Effect
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What can promote macroevolution?
One phenomenon that promotes macroevolution can be clearly seen in the fossil record: periodic mass extinctions.
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An RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule. It reverse-transcribes its RNA into DNA, inserts the DNA into a cellular chromosome, and then transcribes more copies of the RNA from the viral DNA.
Retrovirus
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A network of organelles that partitions the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells into functional compartments. Some of the organelles are structurally connected to each other, whereas others are structurally separate but functionally connected by the traffic of vesicles among them.
Endomembrane System
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A protein that is secreted by a B cell and attaches to a specific kind of antigen, helping counter its effects.
Antibodies
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When the site of an injury becomes red, swollen, and painful, those are signs of...
Inflammatory Response
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The gametes of different species usually cannot fertilize each other. This is particularly important during the spawning season in aquatic habitats.
Gametic Incompatibility
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A rod-shaped prokaryotic cell. May be found singly or in chains.
Bacilli
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An infectious form of protein that may multiply by converting related proteins to more prions.
Prion
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The late stages of HIV infection, characterized by a reduced number of T cells, usually results in death caused by opportunistic infections.
AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
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A condition in which an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells results in the body cells not receiving enough oxygen.
Anemia
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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
Darwinian Fitness
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The incorporation of new genes into a cell from DNA that the cell takes up from the surrounding environment.
Transformation
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Spread fast (directly/indirectly) from one person to another.
Infectious Diseases
90
Important Points About Human Evolution.
Humans did not evolve from chimps.
Human evolution did not proceed from one species to the next, each one evolving to be more modern.
Key human features did not evolve all at once.
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A non-native species that has spread far beyond the original point of introduction and causes environmental or economic damage by colonizing and dominating suitable habitats.
Invasive Species
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The retrovirus that attacks the human immune system and causes AIDS.
HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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An organism characterized by prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
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In speciation, a model of evolution in which there is a slow and gradual change of a species over long periods of time.
Graduated Model
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A type of cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of this.
Eukaryotic Cells
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A natural or synthetic drug that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria.
Antibiotics
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Important Points About Evolution.
Individuals don’t evolve.
Natural selection works with heritable traits.
Evolution does not have a goal.
98
Diseases you are born with and results from a problem with genes (DNA).
Genetic Diseases
99
What secretes antibodies?
B cells.
100
The union (mating) of two bacterial cells or protist cells and the transfer of DNA between the two cells. The donor cell transfers a copy of its chromosome through a mating bridge.
Conjugation
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A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.
Genetic Drift
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Disease caused by a pathogen that invades tissues.
Infection
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One of four endocrine glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone; functions in calcium homeostasis.
Parathyroid Glands
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Any anthropoid on the human branch of the evolutionary tree, more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees.
Hominins
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Lives on or in (but does not kill) a host, from which it obtains nutrients.
Parasite
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Anything that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding, even when populations of the two species live together.
Reproductive Barriers
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Many pathogens are spread through vectors.
Vector Borne Diseases (VBDs)
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An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus. It produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.
Pituitary
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A small vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
Arterioles
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Random changes to DNA.
Mutation
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Two classes of pathogen smaller and simpler than viruses.
Prions and viroids.
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An endocrine gland, located in the neck, that secretes hormones that increase oxygen consumption and metabolic rate and help regulate development and maturation.
Thyroid Gland
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A discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
Systematics
114
In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation.
Sex Pilus
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The protein shell that encloses a viral genome.
Capsid
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A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked, circular RNA several hundred nucleotides long.
Viroids
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The main control center of the endocrine system, located in the vertebrate forebrain.
Hypothalamus
118
What does an HIV virus consist of?
It consists of an envelope, reverse transcriptase, recognition protein, capsid, and RNA genome.
119
The evolution of vascular tissue and cell walls hardened with lignin allowed?
The evolution of vascular tissue and cell walls hardened with lignin allowed plants to grow taller. (Ferns).
120
A protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes growth throughout the body.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
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Charles Darwin Book?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
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A thick-coated, protective cell produced within a prokaryotic cell exposed to harsh conditions.
Endospore
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What cells probably evolved from symbiotic Association's between small prokaryotic cells living inside larger ones?
The mitochondria and chloroplasts.
124
The body’s system of defense against infectious disease.
Immune System
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Member of the mammalian group that includes lorises, pottos, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Primates
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The study of evolutionary history; specifically, an approach to systematics in which organisms are grouped by common ancestry.
Cladistics
127
A microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a vein or between an arteriole and a venule; enables the exchange of nutrients and dissolved gases between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Capillaries
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Interaction between members of different species. The effect on each species may be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
Interspecific Interactions
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A type of lymphocyte that helps activate other T cells and helps stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
Helper T Cells
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The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
Sexual Recombination
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A key event in speciation.
A key event in speciation is often the separation of a single population into two or more populations that are isolated from each other.
132
When did humans split from other primates?
6-7 million years ago.
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A microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material.
Virus
134
An inherited character that enhances an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Adaptation
135
What does the lymphatic system do?
The lymphatic system helps remove toxins and pathogens from the blood and interstitial fluid and returns fluid and solutes from the interstitial fluid to the circulatory system.
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Smallest unit that can evolve.
A population.
137
Seed plants?
The seed first evolved around 360 million years ago. This freed the first seed plants, called the gymnosperms, from the need to reproduce near water, opening up vast new territories. (Conifers).
138
A gland with dual functions: The nonendocrine portion secrete digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.
Pancreas
139
A small vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
Venules
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Components of the immune system that respond to and deactivate specific threats.
Specific Immunity
141
Cycles of a virus?
Every virus can undergo a lytic cycle that results in destruction of the host, while some can detour into a long-term lysogenic cycle before switching to the lytic cycle.
142
The organ system that transports materials such as nutrients, O2, and hormones to body cells and transports CO2 and other wastes from body cells.
Circulatory System
