infectious diseases

Question 1

diease

Answer 1

condition which causes the body to function less effectively. diseases produce signs and symptoms

Question 2

outbreak

Answer 2

sudden occurrence of a disease

Question 2

sign

Answer 2

any objective evidence of a disease which its effect can be observed or measured by others, such as a doctor

Question 2

symptom

Answer 2

evidence of a disease which tends to be more subjective as its effects are only felt, described or experienced by the sufferer but cannot be observed by others eg. headache

Question 3

infection

Answer 3

invasion and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body tissues of the host and may lead to signs, symptoms or injury

Question 3

syndrome

Answer 3

a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder

Question 4

pathogen

Answer 4

organism which can cause disease

Question 5

host

Answer 5

organism in which a pathogen can replicate itself

Question 6

vector

Answer 6

organism which carries and transmits infectious pathogen from one living organism to another

Question 7

1st line of defence

Answer 7

external defence with physical and chemical barriers

Question 8

2nd line of defence

Answer 8

phagocytes in bloodstream

Question 9

3rd line of defence

Answer 9

antibodies produced by lymphocytes which eliminate specific pathogens

Question 10

aerosol transmission

Answer 10

cough or sneeze
numerous respiratory droplets
suspended in the air
breathed in and infected

Question 11

direct contact

Answer 11

when blood from an infected person comes into contact with mucous membranes or bloodstream of uninfected person
exchanging body fluids during sexual intercourse (sti)
mother to baby through breastfeeding

Question 12

contaminated food and water

Answer 12

food and water contaminated with pathogens, when food and water are not properly stored or handled

Question 13

vectors

Answer 13

fucking mosquitoes absolutely fucking hate them i hate mosquitoes they serve zero fucking purpose please obliterate every single last mosquito within a 2 billion light year radius of me i fucking hate these creatures they are so fucking annoying and provide absolutely fucking nothing to the environment they are just pests and annoy the everloving fuck out of me this fuckass useless abomination of a creation

Question 14

virus

Answer 14

smaller and simpler
protein coat enclosing genetic materials
reproduce via hijacking the cellular machinery of host cell

Question 15

influenza properties

Answer 15

caspid surrounding rna
viral envelope allowing it to enter its host cell
spike proteins wihch assist entry of viral particles into its host cell

Question 16

influenze signs and symptoms

Answer 16

fever
cough
sore throat
runny nose
headache
muscle or body ache
fatigue

Question 17

influenza mode of transmission

Answer 17

tiny droplets of respiratory secretions in the air when:
cough or sneeze or talk
touch an object contaminated with the virus

Question 18

influenza prevention treatment and control

Answer 18

practice good personal hygiene when symptoms:
- wash hands
- wear mask
stay home and avoid school to prevent spread
vaccination

Question 19

bacteria

Answer 19

unicellular
prokaryotic
lack distinct nucleus, not surrounded by nuclear envelope
peptidoglycan cell wall
has ribosomes
smaller rings of dna called plasmids
one or more flagella

Question 20

pneumococcal

Answer 20

pneumococcus bacteria
produce hydrogen peroxide which lyses red blood cells and damages dna killing cells in lungs
lung infection (pneumonia)
inflammation of membranes of brain (meningitis)

Question 21

antibiotics definition

Answer 21

a class of drugs which kill bacteria or inhibit their growth

Question 22

how does bacteria treat infection

Answer 22

preventing synthesis of peptidoglycan - weakened cell walls, water enters by osmosis, cell bursts and dies inhibit cell membrane function - break up bacterial plasma membrane, no longer protected from environment interfere with protein synthesis in ribosomes - prevent growth of bactreria inhibit enzyme action - prevent growth

Question 23

define resistance

Answer 23

degree to which a pathogen remains unaffected by a harmful chemical / drug

Question 24

overuse of antibiotics cause what

Answer 24

superbugs which are resistant to many commonly known antibiotics

Question 25

how to not misuse antibiotics

Answer 25

completing the full course of antibiotics using antibiotics only when necessary not used for non-bacterial infections

Question 26

vaccines

Answer 26

contains agent which resembles a pathogen and prevents infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades harmless derivative of pathogen

Question 27

vaccination process

Answer 27

weakened / inactive / killed form of pathogen introduced to body lymphocytes produce antibodies against the antigen when actual pathogen invades, lymphocytes will recognise it and produce antibodies before it can infect body cells

Question 28

vaccine primary and secondary response

Answer 28

primary response, slower and more limited antibody production secondary response, rapid and high antibody production

Question 29

herd immunity

Answer 29

majority of a population develops immunity against infectious disease through vaccination or previous infection, reducing the likeliness of disease transmission from one person to another