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Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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0
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of injection usually by pathogenic microorganisms

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1
Q

Infection

A

Major cause of disease

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2
Q

Mortality

A
  • condition of being subject to death

- how long a person will live with or without a disease

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3
Q

Morbidity

A
  • illness or abnormal condition or quality

- condition or way they will live with the disease

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4
Q

Communicable or Contagious Diseases

A

Aka: Community Acquired

- Diseases that spread from one person to another

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5
Q

Colonization

A

-Individual may have the organism in or on the body and not get the disease and may not cause an infection

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6
Q

Bacteria

A

-unicellular organism classified by shape

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7
Q

Cell wall

A
  • humans and animals do not have this

- gram + or gram - cell walls differ

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8
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • semipermeable

- selectively controls movement

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Contains RNA, DNA, Plasmids
  • DNA fragments are important in drug resistance
  • also important for metabolism growth and unique characteristics of the bacteria
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10
Q

Capsule/slime layer

A
  • Lines outside cell wall making it slippery

- interferes with phagocytosis

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11
Q

Flagellum

A
  • Tail like growth
  • used for motility
  • spiral whipping to propel
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12
Q

Pili or Fimbrae

A
  • found on Gram(-) bact
  • Attaches bacteria to tissue
  • Transfers DNA to other bacterium causing mutation
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13
Q

Viruses

A
  • Intracellular parasite

- Requires a living host cell for replication

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14
Q

Structure of viruses

A
  • Protein coat or capsid
  • Core of DNA or RNA (content of these provides method of classification for viruses)
  • Outer protective envelop making harder to latch onto slippery outside
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15
Q

Fungi

A

Infection from single cell yeasts or multicellular molds

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16
Q

Fungi: 3 Means of Production

A
  1. budding
  2. Extension of hyphae (Filaments)
  3. Production of spores (mold spores)
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17
Q

Protozoa

A

-unicellular organism with animal like characteristics, mobile, lack cell wall

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18
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • smallest cellular microbe
  • lacks cell wall
  • reproduces by binary fission
  • Causes 15-20% of all pneumonia in developing countries
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19
Q

Direct contact

A

No Intermediary

-Microbes in blood, body, secretions, lesions

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20
Q

Indirect Contact

A

Involves intermediary

-contaminated food, water, bed linens

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21
Q

Droplet

A
  • Expelled from the body and inhaled by another person

- Fall on surface that is touched by someone else

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22
Q

Vector-Borne

A

insect or animal intermediary

Example: mosquito➡️malaria

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23
Q

Nosocomial

A

Acquired in a health care facility

  • Dirty hands major culprit
  • most common UTI and Pneumonia
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24
Respiratory Droplet Infections
- Common Cold - influenza - small pox - mumps - pertussis - Pneumonia - polio - strep - TB
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Incubation period
Time between entry of organism into system and the appearance of clinical sign (hours-months)
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Prodromal Period
General malaise varying in severity | -more evident in some infections
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Acute period
Infectious disease develops fully | -length period varies with pathogen/host resistance
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Recovery
Follows acute period when the infection either goes away
29
Chronic infection
Some organisms remain in the body | -clinical symptoms mild
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Death
- Infection spreads to the body | - Septicemia (form of shock causing muli-system organ failure )
31
Leukocytosis
⬆️ WBC seen in bacterial infection
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Leukopenia
⬇️ WBC from normal count | Viral infection
33
Increased neutrophils =
Acute infection
34
⬆️ lymphocytes and monocytes=
Chronic infection
35
Anthrax
- Spore forming bacteria found in infected live stock | - transmission: direct contact
36
Anthrax Symptoms
- initially acts like a flu * if worsens - severe difficulty breathing - shock - meningitis
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West Nile Virus
- bite from infected mosquito | - infection crosses the BBB and causes inflammation of brain
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Etiology of West Nile Virus
Vector borne transmission | -Incubation 3-14 days before symptoms detected
39
West Nile symptoms
80% of victims are asymptomatic - rash - swollen lymp glands - coma paralysis - disorientation, tremors - fever headache rash
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Diagnosis for West Nile virus
- get patients full clinical history (clinical picture) - ELISA blood test (differentiates different Ab in the blood) - Detects Ab to the virus within first few days of onset
41
Anthrax Treatment
* **antibiotics NOT used for viruses - alleviates symptoms (analgesics) - fluids and rest
42
Common Cold
Acute Cortez's | Upper respiratory infection
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Common Cold Etiology
Causes by approx. 200 different viruses - Rhinoviruses cause 1/2 of colds in adults - followed by bacterial infection
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Common Cold Signs & Symptoms
- nasal drainage - watery eyes - sore throat and cough - slight fever - incubates for 2-5 days from exposure
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Common Cold Diagnosis
Clinical picture | -may do CBC & Sputum culture to rule out more serious problems
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Common Cold Treatment
- clears in 3-7 days | - rest, liquids, and decongestants
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Influenza Etiology
Viral epidemic: epidemic that occurs in cycles around the world
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Influenza mixovirus 3 kinds
Type A: most common Type B: virus mutates frequently Type C: transmitted by respiratory droplets
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Influenza Signs & Symptoms
sudden Onset - fever chills - headache, myalgia, malaise - sore throat cough (dry) - secondary bacterial infection may develop
50
Influenza diagnosis
Clinical picture - presence from epidemic in area - check throat culture - immunofluorescence (nasal swab) to detect viral Ag
51
Influenza treatment
-analgesic, antipyretic, rest, liquids | Anti-viral drugs
52
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Etiology
- 4 or 5 identified Ebola viruses can cause disease in humans/primates - through Bats - Direct contact transmission through bodily fluid
53
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Signs & Symptoms
- fever > 38.6 - headache - muscle pain, weakness - diarrhea - vomiting - abdominal pain - lack of appetite
54
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis
Nonspecific symptoms hard to diagnose | -lab tests needed to confirm
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: treatment
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Staphylococcus aureus
- Gram(+) bacteria, has cell wall - grows on human skin - may be carried in nasopharynx 15-20%of ppl - common cause of suppurative infections(pus forming)
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Staphylococcus aureus: Typical infections
- boils - impetigo - cellulitis - bacterial endocarditis - toxic shock syndrome
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boils
Furuncles -occur in and around hair follicles Lack of hygiene
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impetigo
Skin infection spread by contact
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cellulitis
Spreading infection of skin and connective tissues | -severe inflammation
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Bacterial endocarditis
Caused by S. aureus septicemia | -after heart surgery valve replacement
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toxic shock syndrome
Caused by S. aureus endotoxins | -aseptic, wide spread exposure to S. aureus
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MRSA
Methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus - resistant to most common antibiotics - not usually prob in healthy ppl - spreads easily in hospitals
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MRSA: treatment
Treat with Vancomycin along with other antibiotics
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MRSA: spread through
Close contacts with individuals - using other ppls towels - wound dressing - close contact sport * *does not spread in air
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VRE
vancomycin Resistant Enterococci | -lives for long time and extremely hard to get rid of
67
Measles: Etiology
rubeola virus - spread by Airborne secretions - 10 to 20 day incubation
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Measles: signs and symptoms
- fever - photophobia - Rash follows in 3-7 days
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Measles: Diagnosis
History of exposure and clinical picture | -leukopenia (⬇️WBC count)
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Measles: treatment
Rest Darkened room Antipyretic
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Rubella (German measles): Etiology
-rubella virus -Spread by contact with nasal/oral secretions 14-21 day incubation
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Rubella signs and symptoms
Similar to rubeola, but milder with shorter course
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Rubella: Diagnosis
- history of exposure and clinical picture | - throat culture or serum Antibodies for definitive diagnosis
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Rubella: Treatment
Bed rest Antipruritics (relive itching) Antipyretics
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Mumps: Etiology
Virus spread by Saliva, airborne route | -18 day incubation
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Mumps: s&s
Inflammation of one or both parotid glands that could cause aspiration due to swallowing troubles - headache - fever - earache - orchitis in adult male
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Mumps: diagnosis
History of exposure and clinical picture
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Mumps: treatment
- analgesics - antipyretics - soft or liquid diet
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Varicella (chicken pox): etiology
-Varicella-zoster virus -spread by direct contact or Respiratory secretions 13-17 day incubation
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Varicella Signs and symptoms
Pruritic rash goes from➡️papules➡️vesicles➡️crusts | -fever and malaise
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Varicella: Diagnosis
History of exposure and clinical picture
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Varicella treatment
Isolation until scabs disappear - antipruritics - antipyretics
83
Pertussis (whooping cough): etiology
-Bordetella pertussis bacillus -spread by respiratory Droplets, direct or indirect contact with nasal secretions of infected host 7-10 day incubation
84
Pertussis; signs and symptoms
- Catarrhal stage: symp similar to common cold - Paroxysmal Stage: violent cough, thick mucous obstructs airways - Decline stage: gradual improvement
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Pertussis: diagnosis
History of exposure and clinical picture | - leukocytosis B pertussis present in respiratory secretions
86
Pertussis: treatment
Antibiotics most effective in catarrhal stage - rest, fluid, adequate diet - removal of thick secretions

human Diseases (2 decks)

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