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Micro Final Exam > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

(246 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 categories of skin flora

A

Diphtheroids
Staphylococci
Yeasts

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2
Q

Example of diphtheroid

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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3
Q

What causes hair follicle infections

A

Staph aureus

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4
Q

Causes scalding skin syndrome

A

Staph aureus

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5
Q

Causes impetigo

A

Step pyrogenes

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6
Q

Causes rocky mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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7
Q

Causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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8
Q

How does s aureus avoid host defenses

A

Has a capsule that prevents phagocytosis

Produces enzymes that degrade tissue

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9
Q

What is folliculitis

A

Follicle plugged with necrotic tissue

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10
Q

What does inflammation response signal

A

Attraction of neutrophils

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11
Q

What happens if an infection spreads to adjacent tissue

A

An abscess forms

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12
Q

What is a small skin lesion called

A

Furuncle

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13
Q

What is a skin lesion called when it involves multiple follicles

A

Carbuncle

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14
Q

How do you treat hair follicle infections

A

Drain boil

Antibiotics

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15
Q

What is s aureus resistant to

A

Penicillin

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16
Q

What is streptococcal impetigo

A

Superficial skin infection involving epidermis

From infected non apparent wound

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17
Q

What is a key detail of impetigo

A

Blisters that break and release plasma

The plasma looks yellow when dry

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18
Q

Details about step pyogenes

A

Gram pos
Beta hemolytic
Group A
Produces extra cellular products

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19
Q

What can s pyogenes be treated with

A

Penicillin

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20
Q

Why is s pyogenes called group A strep

A

Group A cell wall polysaccharide

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21
Q

What is a product pyogenes can produce

A

Protease

Flesh eating

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22
Q

Causes measles

A

Rubeola virus

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23
Q

Causes rubella or German measles

A

Rubella virus

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24
Q

Causes fifth disease

A

Parvovirus b 19

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25
Causes roseola
Herpesvirus type 6
26
What causes varicella
Varicella zoster virus
27
How is chickenpox transmitted
Respiratory secretions and skin lesions
28
What is incubation of varicella | When is it infective
2 weeks | Infective 1-2 days before rash until they crust over
29
Describe pathogenesis of varicella
``` Enter through respiratory route Reliplicates and moves to skin via blood stream Infects living layers of skin Moves to adjacent cells causing lesions Cells lyse Release virus to sensory nerves ```
30
What is shingles
Latent infection | Herpes zoster
31
What allows herpes zoster virus to replicate
Decline in cell mediated immunity | Old age or immunocompromised
32
Shingles appears in what area
Anywhere | Restricted to area supplied by a sensory nerve
33
How does body respond to shingles
Inflammation reaction Memory cells respond Shingles disappear
34
What cause cutaneous mycoses
Dermatophytes
35
What do dermatophytes do
Dissolve keratin in skin for nutrients
36
What are the 6 steps of wound repair
Vascular spasm to prevent blood loss Circulating platelets form plug to seal wound Coagulation Fibroblasts multiply and form granulation tissue Granulation tissue is replaced
37
What type of clotting factors are circulating in blood
Inactivated clotting factors | Like inactivated fibrogen
38
What causes clotting factors to become activated
Tissue damage
39
What does fibrinogen convert to | And what causes it to convert
Fibrinogen becomes fibrin | The activation of clotting factors converts fibrinogen
40
What does fibrin do
Form a mesh
41
What digests fibrin mesh
Plasmin
42
Where does plasmin come
Inactivated plasminogen is convert to active plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator
43
What is pus
Dead neutrophils microorganisms and degraded tissue
44
Pyogenic means
Pus forming
45
Pyrogenic means
Fever forming
46
What helps separate an abscess from normal tissue
Inflammation and clots
47
Why can having a walled of abscess be bad
It can prevent antimicrobials from reaching the area Pressure can increase and pathogens can go into blood stream Area become anaerobic
48
Are pathogens actively multiplying in an abscess
No | They are not multiplying
49
What are 4 common bacteria that infect wounds
Staph aureus Staph epi Step pyogenes Pseudomonas eaeuginosa
50
What is the leading cause of woud infections
Staphylococci
51
What factors increase the virulence of staph aureus
Coagulase causes clotting to evade phagocytosis Clumping factor aids in attachment to fibrin Protein A hide bacteria Alpha toxin produces hole in host cell membrane
52
What do staph epi do
Sometimes produce biofilm to prevent phagocytosis
53
How do you treat wound infections
Methicillin or vancomycin
54
What does not have a lot of antimicrobial resistance
S pyogenes | Can be treated with penicillin
55
What are some severe infections caused by streptococci
Pneumonia Meningitis Puerperal Necrotizing fasciitis
56
What is puerperal
Childbirth fever | Bacterial infection of uterus
57
What causes necrotizing fasciitis
2 virulent s pyogenes strains 2 extra cellular products produced Pyrogenic exotoxin A Exotoxin B
58
Describe the pathogenesis of necrotizing faaciitis
Colonization enhanced by tissue binding proteins Subcutaneous fascia is destroyed Muscle tissue can also be destroyed Organisms multiply and produce toxins Organisms and toxins enter blood stream and cause shock
59
What does pryogenic exotoxin A do
Cause streptococcal toxic shock
60
What does exotoxin B do
Destroy tissue trough protein breakdown
61
How do you treat necrotizing faaciitis
Surgery to prevent toxin spread Maybe amputation Penicillin if given early doesn't help against toxins or dead tissue
62
What is an opportunistic wound pathogen
P aeruginosa
63
What is p aeruginosa the major cause of | Specifics
Nosocomial infections Lung infections from contaminated respirator water Burn infections that turn skin green
64
What makes aeruginosa virulent
Toxins | And multi drug resistance
65
Some examples of anaerobic wound infections
Tetanus Gas gangrene Lumpy jaw
66
What causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
67
Causes gas gangrene
Clostridium perfringens
68
Causes lumpy jaw
Actinomycosis israelii | Gram pos filamentous anaerobe
69
What are the symptoms of tetanus
Painful uncontrolled muscle spasms | Often start with jaw
70
Describe clostridium tetani
Gram pos Anaerobe Rod shaped Endospore forming
71
Is tetanus fatal
Yes not in developed world though
72
Why is tetanus pathogenic
Due to toxin production
73
What is the path that tetanus toxins take
Blood stream to CNS
74
What do tetanus toxins do
Block inhibitory neurons so muscles spasm | If inhibitory neurons of brain first affected jaw spasms firsts
75
Why does tetanus cause death
Paralysis of respiratory muscles | Stomach contents go into lungs
76
What is tetanus vaccine
Inactivated toxin
77
What is passive tetanus immunity
Tetanus antibodies | Tetanus immune globulin
78
What causes swelling in gas gangrene
Gas production | Tissue breakdown
79
Describe c perfringens
``` Gram pos Anaerobic Rod Endospore forming In soil ```
80
What does c perfringens produce
Alpha toxin which attacks host membranes | Spreads in blood stream leads to red blood cell destruction
81
What are the areas of upper respiratory system
``` Ear Eye Sinuses Nasal cavity Tonsils ```
82
What are tonsils made of
Lymphoid tissue
83
What is the role of the mucociliary escalator
Cilia propels mucus up so you can swallow it
84
Where does the lower Respitory system start
Below epiglottis
85
What does lower respiratory system include
``` Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli ```
86
What is pneumonitis
Inflammation of lungs
87
What is pneumonia
Filling of alveoli with pus and fluid
88
List upper respiratory beacterial infections
``` Strep throat Pinkye Diphtheria Otitis media Sinus infections ```
89
List lower respiratory bacterial infections
Pneumonia Whooping cough Tuberculosis Legionnaires disease
90
What is strep throat
Streptococcal pharyngitis
91
What is strep throat caused by
Step pyogenes | Group A
92
What are 3 complications of strep throat
Scarlet fever Acute rheumatic fever Acute glomerulonephritis
93
What antibiotics treat step throat
Penicillin | Erythromycin
94
Upper respiratory viral infections
Common cold | Adenovirus sore throat
95
Lower respiratory viral infections
Influenza Viral pneumonia( SARS ) Respiratory syncytial virus Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
96
What causes common cold
Rhinovirus
97
How does rhinovirus infect
Attaches to receptors on respiratory epithelial cells Multiplies in those cells Releases more viruses
98
What causes nasal secretions of cold
Inflammation of injured epithelial cells
99
When do nasal secretions have high levels of viruses
First 2 or 3 days of a cold
100
Pneumococcal pneumonia is characterized by
Cough Sputum Fever Chest pain
101
Describe strep pneumoniae
Gram pos Diplococci Thick polysaccharide capsule prevents phagocytosis 80 different strains
102
When does pneumonia infection develop
When bacteria inhaled into alveoli
103
What are 3 pneumonia complications
Septicemia Endocarditis Meningitis
104
What is endocarditis
Infection of heart valves
105
Healthy individuals carry encapsulated strain in throat, why is infection often prevented
Mucociliary escalator prevents lung infection | Risk of infection rises with escalator destruction
106
Describe the vaccine for pneumonia
Vaccine immunity against 23 strains | Conjugate vaccine for children against 7 strains
107
What is another term for TB
Consumption
108
How much of world is infected with TB
One third | Was leading cause of death in 20 the century
109
How many global TB deaths each year
2 million
110
How does TB get contracted
Inhalation of organism Bacteria taken up by pulmonary macrophages in lungs Resists phagocytosis
111
When does an intense TB immune reaction occur
2 weeks after infection
112
What happens to bacilli in TB
Bacilli are lodged in tissue | Then walled off making granulomas
113
What is a TB granuloma called
Tubercles | Can persist for years
114
What creates lung cavities
Lysis of macrophages that spill enzymes that degrade tissue
115
What is the treatment for TB
``` Attenuated vaccine from M bovis BCG bacille calmette guerin Not very effective Or rifampin and isoniazid Prolonged treatment ```
116
What are the targets of rifampin and isoniazid
They target actively growing organisms and metabolically inactive intracellular organisms
117
What is influenza caused by
Influenza type A | Belongs to orthomyxovirus
118
Describe influenza type A
Single stranded RNA 8 segments | Spiked envelope
119
Describe the spikes of influenza envelope
H spike hemagglutinin attached to sialic acids | N spikes neuramidase aids in viral spread by downregulation of sialic acids
120
How does influenza attach to epithelial cells
H spikes | Spreads by N spikes
121
How can influenza cause secondary infections
By destroying mucociliary escalator
122
What are some treatments for influenza and what do they do
Amantadine and rimantadine block uncoating of influenza | Zanamivir and oseltamivir block neuraminidase
123
What causes influenza pandemics
Major antigenic changes
124
What occurs in influenza antigenic drift
Changes in hemagglutinin spike | Minimize effectiveness of previous immunity
125
What occurs in influenza antigenic shift
More dramatic changes Drastically different strains Genetic reassortment
126
What parts of respiratory system are normally sterile
``` Sinuses Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli ```
127
What opportunistic pathogen is in nose
Staph aureus
128
Compare mycoplasm and mycobacterium
``` Mycobacterium has mycolic acid in cell wall Hard to treat TB Mycoplasm has no cell wall can't be treated Pneumonia type ```
129
Where is most flora of digestive system
Oral cavity Intestines Esophagus has very little flora Stomach kills flora
130
Which intestine has more flora
``` Large intestine 100 bill per grams of feces Because of abundance of nutrients Source of opportunistic infections Synthesize many vitamins ```
131
What bacteria is predominant in large intestine
E coli and other enterobacteria
132
What 3 bacteria account for most intestinal infections
Vibrio species Campylobacter jejuni Enterobacteria
133
What causes cholera | Details of agent
Vibrio cholerae Gram neg Bacillus Salt tolerant
134
How much of cholera must be ingested
Large numbers because sensitive to stomach acid
135
Where does cholera multiply
In small intestine | Adheres to epithelial lining
136
Describe cholera toxin
Has 2 parts responsible for symptoms B fragment allows toxins to bind to cells A fragment. Toxicity causes secretion of Cl and fluid
137
What is source if cholera
Contaminated water | Crabs and veggies fertilized with human fecal mater
138
How to prevent cholera
Safe water | Avoid water when traveling
139
What does e coli cause
Gastroenteritis | Severity Depends on strain
140
What does e coli produce
Enterotoxin
141
What are e coli 2 virulence factors
Toxin production | Adherence to small intestine
142
What are 4 groups of diarrhea causing e coli
Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enteropathogenic Enterohemorragic
143
Details about enterotoxigenic
Travelers diarrhea Adhesins allow intestinal colonization Some secrete toxins
144
Details about enteroinvasive
Destruction of intestinal cells leads to bloody diarrhea
145
Details about enteropathogenic
Outbreaks in hospital nurseries and bottle fed infants | Developing countries
146
Details about Enterohemmoragic
Found in 1982 Produce toxins that interfere with protein synth Hemolytic uremic syndrome O157: H7
147
What is hemolytic uremic syndrome
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in kidney
148
What causes e coli epidemics
Person to person Contaminated food and water Un pasteurized milk and juice
149
What are sources of pathogenic e coli strains
Humans | Domestic and wild animals
150
How to treat e coli in infants
Antibiotics | Antibiotics prolong illness in adults
151
Causes salmonellosis
Salmonella species Motile Gram neg Enterobacteria
152
How many serotypes of salmonella are there
2400 serotypes | Most common typhinurium and enteritidis
153
Where do salmonella adhere | How many are needed
Lower small intestine Large number Sensitive to stomach
154
Where do salmonella multiply
Cell takes up bact in phagocyte Within phagosome Discharged through exocytosis
155
What causes salmonella related dirrhea
Inflammation response increases fluid secretion
156
What serotypes of salmonella is not easily eliminated
Typhi Multiply in macrophages and brought to blood stream Cause septicemia
157
What serotypes is the exception to the animal source of salmonella
Typhi Colonization of gall bladder Typhoid Mary
158
How do you prevent salmonella
Cook well Vaccine against typhoid fever Remove gallbladder of carrier
159
When are people a symptomatic of hep A
Less than 6 years old
160
How long does it take to recovery from hep a
2 months | 29% of adults hospitalized
161
Description of hep a pathogenesis
``` From infected food or water Reaches liver Damages liver as it replicates Virus into bile Eliminated via feces ```
162
What is a common source of hep a
Raw shellfish | Restaurants
163
Describe hep a virus
Single strand RNA Picornavirus Only one serotype
164
What is hep a vaccine for
Travelers Sewer workers Healthcare workers
165
What is gamma globulin
Hep A antibody Given to exposed individuals Short term passive immunity
166
Describe campylobacter jejuni
Gram neg Rod Motile Causes Gillian barre syndrome
167
What is role of kidney
Filter blood of waste | Create urine
168
What part of genitourinal system is sterile
Urine and urinary tracts above bladder
169
What flora are in urethra
Lactobacillus Staphylococcus Corynebacterium Streptococcus
170
What causes female genital Tract flora to vary
Hormonal status
171
What happens to flora when estrogen present
``` Lactobacillus create more acidic ph Increase resistance to pathogens More glycogen With lactobacillus ferments Creates lactic acid ```
172
What helps keep urinary tract clean
Flow of urine flushes bact out | Blocking urine increases risk of normal flora infection
173
What causes e coli bacterial cystitis
Block urine flow
174
What is cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
175
What is nephritis
Inflammation of kidney
176
What is pyelonephritis
Infection of kidney
177
Describe toxic shock syndrome
S aureus can grow in absorbent tampons Produces exotoxins When TSST 1 enters blood stream causes. System wide inflammation Drops BP = shock
178
What are verereal genital system diseases
STDs
179
What causes syphilis
Treponema pallidum
180
What causes chancroid
Haemophilis ducreyi
181
Describe neisseria gonorrhea
``` Gram neg Diplococci Transmitted through sex Enzyme that degrades iga Avoids complement Pili can vary antigenic ally Women are asymptomatic reservoir Has R plasmids ```
182
Where does gonorrhea attach
Epithelial cells of urethra Uterine cervix Pharynx Conjunctiva via pili
183
What is used to treat gonorrhea
Cephalosporins | Like ceftriaxone
184
What happens to some untreated women with gonorrhea
Pelvic inflammatory disease Gonorrhea travels up Fallopian tube Can then infect liver or other organs Can cause sterility or ectopic pregnancy
185
What is opthalmia neonatorum
Infected conjunctiva from asymptomatic gonorrhea infected birth canal All infants receive drops to prevent this
186
What causes genital herpes
Herpes virus simplex type 2
187
What herpes virus causes cold sores
Simplex type 1
188
How many are infected with HSV 2
One in five | 45 million
189
When do herpes symptoms occur
2 to 20 days post infection | Itching and blisters
190
What causes herpes blisters
Lysis of epithelial cells | Caused by virus
191
What 2 stages does herpes virus have
Lytic Latent Hides in nerve cells
192
Where are body of motor neurons
In CNS
193
Where are bodies of sensory neurons
In ganglion
194
Examples of bacteria that cause meningitis
Haemophilus influenza Neisseria meningitis Streptococcus pneumoniae
195
What can gram neg rods of mothers intestine cause
Meningitis in newborns
196
What type of bact in vagina can cause meningitis
Group B streptococcus
197
List examples of nervous system infections
Meningitis Listeriosis Leprosy Botulism
198
What is petechiae
Red splotches
199
What is the source of meningococcal meningitis
Humans | Respiratory droplets
200
How does meningitis infection occur
Bact adhere to mucous membrane via pili Pass through respiratory epithelium into blood stream Get into csf Release exotoxin that drops BP
201
Describe treatment for meningitis
Vaccine made of purified capsule Conjugate vaccine for child's Can take antibiotics
202
What causes leprosy
Mycobacterium leprea
203
Symptoms of leprosy
Dulled sensation of skin Infected area thickens Nerves enlarge Loose extremities
204
Where does growth of Leprosy occur
Within macrophages | Slow growing
205
Describe the two types of leprosy
``` Tubercoloid leprosy Doesn't progress Not transmitted to others Lepromatous leprosy Immune system overwhelmed Respiratory droplets ```
206
What can treat tuberculoid leprosy
Dapsone and riframpin
207
What does arbovirus cause
Viral encephalitis
208
Lists the different types of arboviruses
Eastern equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis St Louis encephalitis West Nile
209
Describe pathogenesis of west Nile
``` Viruses multiply at site of bite and lymph nodes Cause viremia Virus cross BBB Damage brain Disabilities often remain after recovery ```
210
What can haut progression of west Nile
Neutralization antibody
211
What causes most cases of encephalitis
Lacrosse encephalitis
212
How fast do rabies patients die
Within 4 days
213
Where does rabies virus multiply
In muscles cells of infection site Reaches brain via axon Once in brain multiplies extensively
214
What forms at sites of rabies replication
Negri bodies
215
What is included in blood and lymphatic system
``` Heart Arteries Veins Spleen Lymph vessels Lymph nodes ```
216
What causes nodes to swell
B cells proliferating
217
What causes septicemia
Gram neg in blood LPS response Septic shock
218
What occurs in septic shock
Urine output drops Respiration and pulse increase Arms and legs become cool and dusky
219
What characterized black plague
Large lymph nodes Buboes Bloody sputum if pneumonic
220
What causes plague | Describe organism
Yersinia pestis Facultative intracellular bact Has 3 plasmids
221
Name the plague plasmids
Pla Tops F1
222
Describe pla
Causes protective clots to dissolve via plasminogen activator Essential for spread from site of entey
223
Describe yops
Codes for tops protein and regulates it Yops interferes with phagocytosis Produce yops when released from macrophage
224
Describe F1
Becomes antiphagocyte capsule | Used in plague vaccine
225
Describe plague pathogenesis
``` Digestive tract of flea obstructed Flea spits infected material into bite Multiply in macrophage Inflammation of nodes Nodes become necrotic and cause septicemia Can then infect lungs ```
226
What is flea type that spreads plague
Oriental rat flea
227
When is F1 capsule produced
While in macrophage
228
Deceive plague treatment an prevention
``` Killed vaccine can provide short term protection Tetracycline to exposed individuals Gentimicin Ciprofloxin Doxycycline All effective if given early ```
229
Describe mononucleosis
``` Long incubation Sore throat dissapear then swollen lymph nodes Begins in throat Stays in saliva for months Then latent in B cells Can be productive or nonproductive ```
230
What causes mono
Epstein Barr virus
231
What does mono cause b cells todo
Produce multiple clones Produce immunoglobulin Random antibodies
232
What is mono treated with
Acyclovir | Inhibits productive infection
233
What was first sign of aids
Pneumocystis infections in healthy men
234
How are HIV1 and 2 different
Antigenic ally distinct | HIV1 progresses slower
235
Describe HIV
``` Has glycoproteins 120 for attachment to host cells 41 for fusion with host membrane Has reverse transcriptase Integrase Protease ```
236
What types of cells does HIV infect
Epithelium Brain Macrophages Helper t
237
What are receptors on t cells
CD4 | CXCR4 coreceptor
238
How does reverse transcriptase work
``` RNA made into DNA DNA Integrated into host info by integrase Tells lyse Macrophages slowly release virus ```
239
What happens as virus progresses
Cd4 count decreases Symptoms appear when below 200 Development can be rapid or slow
240
Describe modes of HIV transmission
Sex Blood transfusion Mother to infant
241
Why is there no vaccine for HIV
Reverse transcriptase is error prone | High rate of genetic mutation
242
How to treat HIV
Combo of reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors HAART
243
What are categories of reverse transcriptase inhibitors
``` Nucleoside Zidovudine Chain terminator Non nucleoside Nevirapine Bind RT enzyme ```
244
What do protease inhibitors do
Act late in infection to prevent packaging of viral proteins
245
Theories for HIV vaccine
Prevention or therapeutic Must produce both mucosa land blood stream immunity Fr cellular an humoral immunity Aka lie attenuated
246
What would HIV vaccine have to do
Induce neutralizing antibodies against free virus and prevent spread from cell to cell

Micro Final Exam (2 decks)

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