Infectious diseases

Question 1

List some benefits of microbes.

Answer 1

1. Treat sewage
2. Break down garbage
3. Maintain Body weight
4. Make food
5. Inflammation process & Allergies
6. Synthesize vitamins in Lower intestines

Question 2

These can turn inorganic molecules into organic molecules

Answer 2

Microbes

Question 3

What happens to the body when the natural balance of microbes is thrown out of balance?

Answer 3

Body’s defenses become overwhelmed/exhausted and the human host can experience negative effects like obesity, inflammation, allergy and infection

Question 4

The natural evolution of a microbe operates on ____, rather than it’s ability to cause disease.

Answer 4

It’s ability to spread/replicate

Question 5

In regards to microbes, Natural selection prefers:
Microbes that are more virulent
Microbes that are less/non-virulent

Answer 5

Microbes that are less/non-virulent as they tend to survive longer and spread easily

Question 6

What is a virulent microbe?

Answer 6

A microbe that causes severe disease

Question 7

What is the difference between a pandemic and an epidemic?

Answer 7

Epidemic - disease that affects a large number of people at the same time (Obesity).

Pandemic - Disease that affects large geographic regions and have potential to spread worldwide (SARS, EBOLA)

Question 8

What is the origin/reservoir of AIDS and is it transmitted?

Answer 8

Chimpanzee is the origin of the disease and it is spread via sexual activity, drug addiction, blood products

Question 9

What is the origin/reservoir of SARS and how is it transmitted?

Answer 9

Bats are the origin, and it is spread through the consumption of contaminated foods, airborne.

Question 10

How is WNV transmitted and where is its origin?

Answer 10

Its origin is wild birds, transmitted via mosquitos who have bitten these birds and transmitted it to humans. (Tires in Africa [water reservoir]).

Question 11

This disease is transmitted through poultry farms and originated from wild aquatic birds.

Answer 11

Influenza

Question 12

This disease originated in wild rodents in africa and is typically transmitted by pet stores of these rodents.

Answer 12

Monkey Pox

Question 13

WHat is Bioterrorism?

Answer 13

Intentional release of bacteria, viruses or toxins for the purpose of harming others

Question 14

What are the 3 ways Anthrax can harm others? Which is most life threatening?

Answer 14

1. Cutaneous
2. Gastrointestinal
3. Inhalation

Inhalation is most serious, followed by gastrointestinal

Question 15

This highly virulent virus can only affect humans who at 90% asymptomatic

Answer 15

Smallpox

Question 16

This helps bacteria move from one place to another by rotating it’s tail-like appendage

Answer 16

Flagellum

Question 17

How does a flagellum aid in chemotaxis?

Answer 17

it helps the cell move away from harmful substances (phototaxis “light”)

Question 18

What are axial filaments?

Answer 18

Similar to flagella but are alongside the cell and move in a snake-like movement

Question 19

These are sticky projections of the cell that help them stick to one another, or other substances like a host.

Answer 19

Fimbria

Question 20

These long hollow tubules join two cells together and mediate the transfer of DNA.
A/ Flagella
B/ Pili
C/ Axial Filaments
D/ Sjäkstrom Device

Answer 20

B/ Pili

Question 21

What is the function of the Capsule/slime layer of bacterial cells?

Answer 21

• Mediate adherence to other cells and surfaces
• Protect the cell
• Carbohydrate reserves

Question 22

Which type of Gram + bacterial cell has it’s walls made up of many layers of peptidoglycan?

Answer 22

Gram +

Question 23

What are some conditions that are favourable for opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 23

Introduction or normal microbiota to unusual sites in the body.

Immunosuppression

Changes in normal Microbiota

Question 24

What is the incubation period of infectious disease?

Answer 24

Infection has occurred, but patient has Ø symptoms or signs of infection

Question 25

What is the Prodromal Period of infectious disease?

Answer 25

A short period in which the patient feels minor symptoms that are not indicative of specific pathogenic infection i.e. Malaise, Muscle aches

Question 26

Define Contact transmission and it's 3 subtypes.

Answer 26

Contact transmission is the direct spread of pathogens from one host to another. Direct contact - person-to-person touching Indirect Contact - From person to object to person (Door handle, money, toys) Droplet - Spread of pathogens from exhalation, sneezing, coughing, etc.

Question 27

What is vehicular transmission of pathogens? Provide an example.

Answer 27

The spread of pathogens from sources outside the body. Examples: Air, Water, Food, etc.

Question 28

What is a vector?

Answer 28

An animal that transmits disease

Question 29

``` The most frequent portal of entry is the: A/ Skin B/ Respiratory Tract C/ Cut/wound D/ The conjunctiva ```

Answer 29

B/ Respiratory tract

Question 30

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease? A/ Opportunistic pathogens and a weakened host? B/ Pathogens lacking the kinase enzyme C/ Pathogens lacking the collagenase enzyme D/ High virulent organisms

Answer 30

D/ Highly virulent organisms

Question 31

The nature of bacterial capsules ____. A/ causes widespread blood clotting B/ Allows phagocytes to readily engulf these bacteria C/ Affects the virulence of these bacteria D/ Has Ø effect on virulence

Answer 31

C/ Affects the bacterial virulence

Question 32

``` An animal infected with a virus is bitten by a mosquito, who is now infected with the virus. The infected mosquito bites and infects a human. Who is the Vector in this scenario? A/ Virus B/ Animal C/ Human D/ Mosquito ```

Answer 32

D/ Mosquito - it carried and transported the virus. From donor to recipient