Infectious Diseases

Question 1

True or False? More persons succumb to microbial infections than to cancer and heart disease combined.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is the hierarchy of microbes (small to large)

Answer 2

• viruses
• bacteria
• protozoa
• fungi
• parasites

Question 3

What type of pathogens always cause disease?

Answer 3

Frank pathogens

Question 4

What is the four step strategy of microbial pathogenesis?

Answer 4

1. Find the best place to invade: concept of site
2. Colonization
3. Initial Invasion (Infection)
4. Invasion
5. Spread

Question 5

_____ is a part of normal skin flora but can be highly infectious spreading by direct contact, aerosols and contaminated food.

Answer 5

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 6

_____ is part of the endogenous flora that colonizes the skin and oropharynx. It is of the most frequent human pathogens and causes many diverse diseases including: pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, and sepsis.

Answer 6

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 7

_____ causes meningitis and can disseminate throughout the body causing septicemia.

Answer 7

Nisseria meningitis

Question 8

_____ causes gonorrhea, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases.

Answer 8

Nisseria gonorrheae

Question 9

_____ is an acute suppurative infection of the genital tract which is reflected in urethritis among men and endocervicitis among women. It also causes neonatal conjunctivitis

Answer 9

Gonorrhea

Question 10

_____ is part of out normal flora but can cause enteric infections, urinary tract infection, blood infections, meningitis.

Answer 10

E. Coli

Question 11

_____ causes shigellosis. Signs include watery diarrhea mediated by enterotoxin, abdominal cramps, fever, bloody stool.

Answer 11

Shigella dysenteriae

Question 12

____ causes typhoid fever, a severe, prolonged, systemic illness. Spread through contaminated water and food or chronic carriers.

Answer 12

Salmonella typhi

Question 13

_____ is transmitted via water and shellfish. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting, massive fluid loss, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, hypovolemic shock, cardiac arrhythmia, renal failure.

Answer 13

Vibrio cholera

Question 14

_____ causes disease when ingested and is resistant to stomach acid.

Answer 14

helicobacter pylori

Question 15

____ attaches to mucosal epithelial cells and causes stomach ulcers and create a slow inflammatory response.

Answer 15

helicobacter pylori

Question 16

____ causes pulmonary infections, burn wounds, urinary tract infections, otitis media, eye infection due to contacts.

Answer 16

Pseudomonas

Question 17

______ has many strains that are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics.

Answer 17

Psuedomonas

Question 18

____ is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis.

Answer 18

Psuedomonas

Question 19

_____ enters the lung.

Answer 19

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 20

____ is a chronic, slow-progressing infection for years or decades.

Answer 20

Tuberculosis

Question 21

______ causes lyme disease and is transmitted by ticks.

Answer 21

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 22

An expanding circular rash known as erythema migrams that begins at the site of infection is a classic sign of what bacterium?

Answer 22

borrelia burgdorferi

Question 23

If untreated, ____ can cause loss of ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pain, sever headaches with neck stiffness.

Answer 23

borrelia burgdorferi

Question 24

____ is caused by anaerobic bacteria including bacteriodes fragilis, prophyromonas gingivalis, fusobacterium nucleatum.

Answer 24

periodontal diseases

Question 25

_____ is caused by actinomyces species and is a slow progressive, suppurative infection resulting from jaw injury, dental extraction or manipulation.

Answer 25

cervicofacial actinomycosis

Question 26

_____ is the most common cause of viral pneumonia.

Answer 26

Influenza

Question 27

Influenza vaccine consists of _____ and _____ that are prepared from dominant variants of the previous year.

Answer 27

inactivated, attenuated live viruses

Question 28

Influenza virus undergoes ______ through mutations in its surface proteins.

Answer 28

antigenic shift

Question 29

____ subtype occurs mainly in birds and is highly contagious and deadly to them.

Answer 29

H5N1 (Avian Flu)

Question 30

_____ is a large family of DNA viruses.

Answer 30

Herpes viruses

Question 31

_____ upon first exposure produces chickenpox with generalized skin eruption, becomes latent and when reactivated causes herpes zoster or "shingles.

Answer 31

varicella-zoster

Question 32

____ is transmitted through oral secretions and causes oral, facial and ocular lesions.

Answer 32

HSV-1

Question 33

_____is transmitted in genital secretions and causes genital ulcers.

Answer 33

HSV-2

Question 34

____ causes infectious mononucleosis.

Answer 34

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 35

____ is a congenital and opportunistic pathogen that uncommonly produces disease, however, it had destructive effects on fetuses and immunocompromised individuals,

Answer 35

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Question 36

_____ is transmitted to humans by bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Answer 36

Malaria

Question 37

_____ has a complex life cycle, partly in mosquitoes, partly in humans,

Answer 37

Malaria

Question 38

____ phase in humans can be cyclic and thus give rise to relapses over several years. Treatment is difficult and resistance to drug therapy is highly problematic.

Answer 38

Malaria

Question 39

Malaria is caused by _____.

Answer 39

protozoa

Question 40

_____ is caused by toxoplasma gondii. Mostly asymptomatic but necrotizing disease may occur in fetuses and immunocompromised hosts.

Answer 40

Toxoplasmosis

Question 41

____ ranks second only to malaria as a cause of disabling disease and death. Causes liver, urogenital, and bladder disease.

Answer 41

Schistosomiasis (parasitic infection)

Question 42

_____ tapeworms, roundworms and flatworms; acquired by congestion, insect bites or direct skin penetration.

Answer 42

Helminthic infections

Question 43

____ an inflammatory, parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels caused by the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by misquitoes.

Answer 43

Lymphatic Filariasis

Question 44

____ causes inflammatory response that lead to massive edema of he affected tissues (elephantiasis).

Answer 44

Lymphatic filariasis

Question 45

____ is present in the oral cavity of almost half of the population and does not become a problem until there is a change in the chemistry of the oral cavity>

Answer 45

Candida

Question 46

What are the 7 risk factors for candidiasis?

Answer 46

- newborn babies (thrush) - dentures (denture stomatitis) - diabetes or other metabolic disturbance - antibiotic or chemotherapy treatment - drug users - poor nutrition - HIV

Question 47

_____ presents as a red, flat, subtle lesion. Tends to be symptomatic with patients complaining of oral burning, most frequently while eating salty or spicy foods or drinking acidic beverages.

Answer 47

Erythematous candidiasis

Question 48

_____ white curd-like plaques on the buccal mucosa, tongue, and other oral mucosal surfaces that will wipe away, leaving a red or bleeding underlying surface.

Answer 48

Pseudomembranous candidiasis

Question 49

True or False? Diagnosis of oral candidiasis is based on clinical appearance and confirmed by the presence of fungal hyphae or yeast cells by microscopy.

Answer 49

True

Question 50

____ erythema and/or fissuring of the corners of the mouth. Treatment involves the use of topical antifungal cream directly applied to the affected areas four times a fay for a 2 week treatment period.

Answer 50

Angular Cheilitis

Question 51

_____ candida-associated denture stomatitis is prevalent in up to 70% of denture wearers, mostly the upper denture, this conditions tends to be persistent and recurrent as it is a consequence of the ability of c. albicans to adhere and colonize the denture surfaces leading to inflammation of the denture-exposed palatal mucosa.

Answer 51

Denture Stomatitis

Question 52

____ is caused by inhalation of spores, skin exposure, or GI absorption. Inhalation is fatal.

Answer 52

Anthrax

Question 53

_____ is a large virus that can survive outside the human host for days. Is more dangerous than anthrax. High fatality rate.

Answer 53

Smallpox

Question 54

_____ is transmitted by flea. Causes inflammation and necrosis of lymph nodes and nose, lips, fingers, and toes gangrene.

Answer 54

Yersinia pestis (Plague)

Question 55

____ is an acute severe and often-fatal diseas first characterized by internal and external bleeding.

Answer 55

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Marburg)

Question 56

_____ are bugs, through the natural process of genetic mutations and evolutionary selection, are proving increasingly resistant to medicine's arsenal of antibiotics and drugs.

Answer 56

Superbugs

Question 57

_____ is moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new form of life.

Answer 57

Gene splicing