Infectious Diseases Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the Top 5 Infectious Disease Causes of DALYs in low-income countries?
- Lower Respiratory Infections
- Diarrheal diseases
- HIV/AIDS
- Malaria
- Tuberculosis
The 90-90-90 targets for HIV and Undetectable= Untransmittable
A plan made to step up the HIV response in low- and middle income countries to meet the SDG 3 target to end AIDS by 2030
Refers to the pathway by which a person is tested, linked and retained in HIV care, and initiates and adheres to antiretroviral drugs to achieve viral suppression
- By 2020, 90% of all people living w/ HIV will know their HIV status
- By 2020, 90% of all people w/diagnosed HIV infection will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy
- By 2020, 90% of all people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral suppression
Strategies and Interventions targeting HIV Prevention and Transmission
- Condoms
- Circumcision (males)
- PREP: taking antiretroviral before HIV exposure
- Universal Precautions: stay away from needles
- Undetectable= Untransmittable: If one takes antiretrovirals, s/he can suppress HIV virus to undetectable levels, therefore becoming untransmittable
Epidemiological Triad
- Agent
- Host
- Environment
Agent
carrier of disease (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite)
Host
- susceptible humans/ animals
- influences of exposure: age, gender, behaviors, socioeconomic status
- influences of response to agent: age, genetic makeup, immune functioning
Environment
Extrinsic factors that affect agent and opportunity for host exposure
- Physical: geography, climate
- Biological: insects that transmit agent
- Intermediary determinants: crowding, sanitation, availability of health services
Control
Reduction of disease incidence and burden to point where its no longer a public health priority
Elimination
Interruption of transmission of pathogen & fall in disease incidence to zero in a defined geographical area
Eradication
Interruption of pathogen transmission worldwide & fall in disease incidence to zero
Extinction
Disappearance of pathogen from planet
Infectious
Disorders caused by organisms
Virulent
(Of a disease or poison) ability to cause death/morbidity)
Infectious
(Of a disease or disease-causing organism) likely to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc., through the environment
Pathogenic
Causing or capable of causing disease
How Infectious Diseases contribute to DALYs
-IDs account for:
- 40% of DALYs in Sub-Saharan Africa
- about 15% in South Asia
- less than 10% in MENA, East Asia & Pacific, LAC, Europe & Central Asia
Difference btwn Incidence and Prevalence: HIV
HIV was a special case where incidence is decreasing as less people are acquiring HIV
-However prevalence is increasing because people are living longer with HIV due to ability to access ARTs
Epidemiological Triad: HIV
- Agent: viral infection that targets a person’s immune system, inhibiting their body from effectively fighting HIV on its own
- Host: Those who do not practice safe sex are more susceptible to contracting HIV, as it can be transmitted when bodily fluid comes into contact w/a mucous membrane or damaged tissue
- Environment: Communities w/higher concentrations of sexually transmitted diseases and lower incidences of reporting- usually due to social pressure- allow HIV to flourish. Poverty also limits access to care and treatment; discrimination can discourage individuals from being tested or seeking care
Difference btwn Incidence and Prevalence: TB
- Incidence of TB is decreasing yet is still high as it is the top infectious killer in the world and drug-resistant TB is still a major public health concern
- Prevalence of TB is decreasing though TB diagnosis and treatment
Epidemiological Triad: TB
-Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that most often affects the lungs
- Host: Spread from person to person through the air via sneezing,coughing, and spitting
- More susceptible if have poor housing or circulation, or weak immune system
-Environment: TB germs suspended into the air cause people to become infected when they inhale these germs
Difference btwn Incidence and Prevalence: LRI
Incidence is high for LRI as there is no cure for viral infections
Prevalence is low because LRI’s are generally acute and people no longer suffer from them after a short span of time
Epidemiological Triad: LRI
-Agent: caused by bacteria and viruses
- Host: Spread from person to person through the air via sneezing,coughing, and spitting
- poor immune functioning, low birth weight, undernutrition, pollution, poor living conditions are risk factors
-Environment: People not being cleanly or sanitary can increase the chance of these viruses/ bacterias that cause LRIs to be suspended in the air, increasing chance of others becoming infected
Difference btwn Incidence and Prevalence: Diarrheal diseases
- Incidence: quite high but decreasing w/ the implementation of rotavirus vaccination, mothers breastfeeding kids, safe water and improved hygiene and sanitation in low-income nations
- Prevalence is decreasing as those affected are treated w/vaccinations, or are quickly die in a matter of days to weeks
Epidemiological Triad: Diarrheal diseases
-Agent: Caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites; these germs are usually spread through contaminated water, food, or objects.
- Host: Children most vulnerable
- Risk factors include poor immune functioning, undernutrition, poor sanitation
-Environment: heavily unsanitary spaces, i.e where unclean water is found and fecal matter is out in the open
