Infectious diseases affecting the CNS Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of meningitis
A
- bacterial
- viral
- fungal
- parasitic
- noninfectious
2
Q
Bacterial meningitis
-
A
- can be life-threatening
- requires immediate medical attention
- can be prevented with vaccines
- Meningococcus, pneumococcus, Hib
- can affect any age
3
Q
Bacterial meningitis risk factors
A
- age
- community setting
- other medical conditions
- travel
4
Q
How is bacterial meningitis transmitted
A
- not airborne
- exchange of respiratory and throat secretions
- contamined foods (listeria)
5
Q
Bacterial meningitis: signs and symptoms
A
- sudden onset of feve, headache, stiff neck
- nausea, vomitting
- photophobia
- confusion
- in infants: slow, inactive, poor feeding, bulging fontanelle, abnormal reflexes
- later as progresses: seizure and coma
6
Q
diagnosis of bacterial meningitis
A
- diagnosis via blood or csf testing
- treatment: antibiotics
- reduces risk of death
- prevention: vaccine
7
Q
Kernig’s sign
A
Severe stiffness of the hamstrings causes an inability to straighten the leg when the hip is flexed to 90 degrees.
complains of pain as well
tests for meningitis in kids
8
Q
Brudzinski’s neck sign
A
- neck flexion causes knee flexion
- bacterial meningitis in kids
9
Q
what is viral meningitis caused by
A
- enteroviruses
- mumps
- herpes
- arborvirus (inset born)
- LCMV (rodent born)
10
Q
how is viral meningitis transmitted
A
- fecal contamination
- respiratory secretions
- in US more common in summmer and fall due to rodent population
- can affect any age
- most common in children under 5
11
Q
viral meningitis signs and symptoms
A
- same as bacterial
- sudden onset of feve, headache, stiff neck
- nausea, vomitting
- photophobia
- confusion
- in infants: slow, inactive, poor feeding, bulging fontanelle, abnormal reflexes
- later as progresses: seizure and coma
12
Q
viral meningitis treatment and prevention
A
- treatment: no specific treatment = self limiting
- prevention: handwashing, vaccines, avoid insect bites
13
Q
fungal meningitis
A
- rare
- spread from blood to spinal cord
- more common in people with impaired immune system
- most common cause: cryptococcus in africa
14
Q
fungal meningitis transmission
A
- not contagious
- more susceptiable if immune system weak
- soil, environment with bird, bat guano
- steriod injections (multiple)
15
Q
fungal meningitis: risk factors
A
- weak immune system
- premature infants, pregnant women
- african americans
- filipinoes
16
Q
treatment for fungal meningitis
A
- antifungal meds
17
Q
Parasitic meningitis
A
rare
fatal
18
Q
noninfectious meningitis
A
- cancer
- lupus
- brain injury
- brain surgery
19
Q
What is JC virus
A
- virus affects DNA transcription = polyomavirus
- only found in humans - many humans
- quiescent in kidenys, bone marrow, lymphatic system
- casues PML in immunosuppressed individuals
20
Q
what is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
A
- destruction of Glia esp. oliogodendrocytes = CNS demyelination
- occurs wih severe immunosuppression (HIV/AIDs, bone marrow transplantion, drugs that cause immunosuppression)
21
Q
PML signs and symptoms
A
- correlates to the part of the brain thats damaged
- may develop seizure disorder
- diagnosis via MRI, blood, and CSF
- no known cure: remove immunosuppressants
if this is caused by HIV, antiretroviral therapy can help
22
Q
Other JC virus disease
A
- JCV granule cell neuropathy: brain not affected but demyleination peripherally
- JCV encephalopathy
- JCV meningitis
23
Q
Zika virus
A
- mosquito borne (vetor borne)
- symptoms can be mild: arthralgia, conjunctivitis, fever rash
- assoicated with prematurity and microcephaly
- prevention is key (bug spray/avoid stagnant water)
24
Q
Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease
A
- rare
- related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- some cases related to corneal transplants
- some can live a long time
25
HIV/AIDs
- human immunodeficiency virus
- aquired immunodeficiency deficiency syndrome
- overview: retrovirus, affects RNA and DNA production
- reduces WBC production
26
common infections in PWA (people with AIDs)
- PCP pneumonia (pneumocystis carinii)
- cryptococcus
- thrush: fungal infection of the mouth
- tuberculosis
- viral infections
- malignancies: kaposi sacroma, B-cell, lymphoma
27
What are some primary neurological disorders with PWA
- AIDs
dementia/encephalopathy
- myelopathy
- neuropathy
- myopathy
28
What are secondary neurological infections in PWA
- cerebral toxoplasmosis
- primary CNS lymphoma
- progressive mutlifocal leukoencephalopathy
- cytomegalovirus
- crytococcal meningitis
| `
29
AIDs dementia - early signs
- cognition: forgetfulness, easily distracted, loses train of though
- motor: impaired handwriting, ataxia, clumisness, slowed movement
- behavior: apathy( frontal lobe)
30
AIDs dementia complex
- cognition: global dementia
- motor: paraparesis or quadriparesis, urinary incontinence
- behavior: mutism
31
What can help with AIDS dementia
- exercise
- improves mood, cognition, muscle function, endurance, cardiovascular fitness, immune system, CD4 count
- can promote weight gain
32
Neglected parasitic infections: trichomaniasis:
- common STD,
- increase risk of premature, LBW baby
- pain/itching/fever
33
Neglected parasitic infection: toxoplasmosis:
- can cause neurological deficits or blindness in children
- carried in cat/dog feces
- adults typcially wont know they have it
34
Neglected parasitic infections: Toxocaraiasis:
- blindness, organ damage
- dog/cat feces
- in people < 20 years old
35
Neglected parasitic infections: Neurocystericosis:
- seizures, brain damage
- can be from a tape worm
36
Neglected parasitic infections: Chagas:
- arrhythmia,
- impaired swallowing,
- impaired digestion
37
Mpox
- causes skin lesions rash of nodules
- currenly most prevalent in Democratic Republic of Congo
- transmitted through close contact esp sexual contact
38
Mpox incubation period/signs and symptoms
- incubation period 3-17 days
- symptoms usually start with in 21 days of exposure
- rash is most common
- other possible symtpoms: flu like
39
Mpox testing, treatment and prevention
- vaccine available
- treatment of symptoms
- safe sex
- universal precautions
- handwashing
- avoid large groups if you are sick
