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Infectious diseases > Infectious diseases: Overview > Flashcards

Infectious diseases: Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Key terms:

A
  • Bacteriology: study of bacteria.
  • Virology: study of viruses
  • Mycology: study of fungi
  • Parasitology: study of parasites
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2
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: RESPIRATORY (3)

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Empyema (infected pleural effusion)
  • Fungal infections of the lung
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3
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: GI (7)

A
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Bowel: Colitis, proctitis, diverticulitis, appendicitis
  • Viral hepatitis
  • Tropical liver disease
  • Gallbladder: Cholecystitis, cholangitis, gall bladder empyema
  • Peritonitis
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4
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: GU and gynaecology (5)

A
  • Lower UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis
  • Cervicitis, vulvovaginitis
  • Genital ulceration
  • Genital warts
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometritis
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5
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: Cardiovascular (3)

A
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Myocarditis
  • Pericarditis
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6
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: Nervous system (4)

A
  • Meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Subdural empyema
  • Infective neuropathy
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7
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: Skin and soft tissue (5)

A
  • Skin ulcers
  • Gangrene
  • Tropical skin disease
  • Surgical wound infection
  • Cellulitis
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8
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: Bone and joint (2)

A
  • Osteomyelitis

- Septic arthritis

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9
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: ENT (5)

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Otitis media
  • Otitis externa
  • Tonsillitis
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10
Q

Infectious disease by ORGAN system: Eye

A
  • Conjunctivitis

- Tropical eye disease

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11
Q

Common NOTIFIABLE diseases (1/3) - (11)

A
  • Acute encephalitis
  • Acute infectious hepatitis
  • Acute meningitis
  • Acute poliomyelitis
  • Antrax
  • Botulism
  • Brucellosis
  • Cholera
  • Diptheria
  • Enteric fever
  • Food poisoning
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12
Q

Common NOTIFIABLE diseases (2/3) - (11)

A
  • HUS
  • Infectious dysentery
  • Invasive group A strep
  • Legionnaires disease
  • Leprosy
  • Malaria
  • Measles
  • Meningococcal sepsis
  • Mumps
  • Plague
  • Rabies
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13
Q

Common NOTIFIABLE diseases (3/3) - (10)

A
  • Rubella
  • SARS
  • Scarlet fever
  • Small pox
  • Tetanus
  • Tuberculosis
  • Viral haemorrhagic fever
  • Whooping cough
  • Yellow fever
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14
Q

Healthcare associated (nosocomial) infections: Overview

A

Healthcare associated or nosocomial infections include diseases which occur:

  • As a direct result of treatment or contact in a hospital or healthcare setting
  • Outside a healthcare setting but are brought in by patients, staff or visitors and are transmitted to others.
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15
Q

Healthcare associated (nosocomial) infections: Cause

A

The causal microbe may be benign in normal circumstances, but is able to cause disease when the patient:

  1. Has been given broad spectrum antibiotics
  2. Is unwell/immunocompromised (opportunistic infection)
  3. Has compromised barriers (indwelling catheter/line, ventilation, surgery)
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16
Q

Healthcare associated (nosocomial) infections: Examples (4)

A
  • Catheter associated UTI
  • Intravascular access devices associated infections
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • Surgical site infection
17
Q

Surgical site infection: Overview

A

Surgical site infections may occur following a breach in tissue surfaces and allow normal commensals and other pathogens to initiate infection. They are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.

In many cases the organisms are derived from the patient’s own body.

Measures that may increase the risk of SSI include:

  • Shaving the wound using a razor (disposable clipper preferred)
  • Using a non iodine impregnated incise drape if one is deemed to be necessary
  • Tissue hypoxia
  • Delayed administration of prophylactic antibiotics in tourniquet surgery
18
Q

Surgical site infection: Prevention - Pre-operatively

A

Pre- operatively:

  • Don’t remove body hair routinely
  • If hair needs removal, use electrical clippers with single use head (razors increase infection risk)

Antibiotic prophylaxis if:

  • placement of prosthesis or valve
  • clean-contaminated surgery
  • contaminated surgery
  • Use local formulary
  • Aim to give single dose IV antibiotic on anaesthesia
  • If a tourniquet is to be used, give prophylactic antibiotics earlier
19
Q

Surgical site infection: Prevention - Intra-operatively

A
  • Prepare the skin with alcoholic chlorhexidine (Lowest incidence of SSI)
  • Cover surgical site with dressing
  • A recent meta analysis has confirmed that administration of supplementary oxygen does not reduce the risk of wound infection.
  • In contrast to previous individual RCT’s
    Wound edge protectors do not appear to confer benefit
20
Q

Surgical site infection: Prevention - Post-operatively

A

Tissue viability advice for management of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention

21
Q

Healthcare associated (nosocomial) infections:

A
  1. Identify (e.g. MRSA screening)
  2. Protect (isolation, negative/positive pressure room)
  3. Treat (according to local guidelines)
  4. Prevent
    • Hand hygeine
    • Personal attire (bare below the elbow)
    • Personal protective equipment
    • Procedures
    • Environment
22
Q

Clostridium difficile: Overview

A

Definition: Gram-positive anaerobic bacillus. Disease occurs when it converts to a vegetative (growth) state with production of enterotoxins A and B causing collitis.

Features

  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal pain
  • a raised white blood cell count is characteristic
  • if severe toxic megacolon may develop

Diagnosis: Is made by detecting Clostridium difficile toxin (CDT) in the stool.Clostridium difficile antigen positivity only shows exposure to the bacteria, rather than current infection

Management: SIGHT - suspect, isolate within 2hr, gloves and apron, handwash with soap, test immediatly.

23
Q

Vector borne disease: Definition

A

Vector borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species including mosquitoes, ticks, flies and bugs.

24
Q

Vector borne disease: MOSQUITO related infections

A
  • Malaria
  • Dengue
  • Chikungunya
  • Yellow fever
  • Zika
  • Lymphatic filariasis
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • West Nile
25
Q

Vector borne disease: TICK related infections

A
  • Lyme disease
  • Rickettsial disease
  • Relapsing fever
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever
26
Q

Vector borne disease: BUG/FLY related conditions

A
  • Leishmaniasis
  • Trypanosomiasis
  • Oncocerciasis
27
Q

Vector borne disease: SNAIL related conditions

A
  • Schistomiasis
28
Q

ZOONOSES: Definition

A

A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. Animals thus play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature.

Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or may involve unconventional agents. As well as being a public health problem, many of the major zoonotic diseases prevent the efficient production of food of animal origin and create obstacles to international trade in animal products.

29
Q

ZOONOSES: Examples (6)

A
  • Bartonella
  • Brucellosis
  • Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
  • Leptospirosis (Well’s disease)
  • Yersina pestis (plague)
  • Toxoplasmosis
30
Q

Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF): Definition

A

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a term used for severe, multi-organ disease in which the endothelium is damaged, and homeostasis is impaired.

Haemorrhage complicates the disease course and can be life threatening.

Example: Ebola

31
Q

Neurological disease: Examples (7)

A
  • Botulism (bacteria)
  • Tetanus (bacteria)
  • Poliomyelitis (virus)
  • Rabies (virus)
  • Japanese encephalitis (virus)
  • West Nile virus
  • Neurocysticercosis (parasite)
32
Q

Eye disease (3)

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Trachoma
  • Immunosuppression and the eye
    • Herpes zoster opthalmicus
    • CMV retinitis
    • Occular toxoplasmosis
33
Q

BITES

A
  • Dog, human and cat bites need to be treated slighlty differently.
  • This is because they are polymicrobial.
  • A wound can be contaminated with tetanus spores.
  • Need to check patient’s tetanus immunisation is up to date.
  • If patient has been bitten outside the UK: you would need to consider giving the rabies vaccine and/or immunoglobulin.
  • The only mammals in the UK that carry rabies are bats.
34
Q

IVDU

A
  • IVDUs commonly get skin and soft tissue infections.
  • They may have ‘track marks’ or ‘needle marks’ caused by repeated injections.
  • People who inject in their groins may have groin sinuses or abscesses.
  • Venous insufficiency in the lower limbs causes chronic venous ulcers to develop which commonly become infected secondary to poor hygiene and ulcer care.
35
Q

Necrotising Fascilitis: Definition

A

Necrotising fasciitis is a rare but serious bacterial infection that affects the tissue beneath the skin and surrounding muscles and organs (fascia). It’s sometimes called the “flesh-eating disease”, although the bacteria that cause it do not “eat” flesh, but release toxins that damage nearby tissue.

Surgical debridement = the only curative treatment.

36
Q

Skin + soft tissue infections: Common causative bacteria (2)

A

Group A strep:

  • Staphlyococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
37
Q

Pyogenic liver abscess: Definition

A

A pyogenic liver abscess is a rare disease characterized by solitary/multiple collections of pus within the liver.

The infection is caused by bacteria and is usually polymicrobial, with E. coli and K. pneumoniae being the common causative organisms.

Can present with RUQ pain + fever.

38
Q

Amoebic liver abscess: Definition

A

A amoebic liver abscess is a type of liver abscess caused by amebiasis. It is the involvement of liver tissue by trophozoites of the organism Entamoeba histolytica and of is abscess due to necrosis.

Can present with RUQ pain + fever.

Infectious diseases (8 decks)

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