Infectious Dz Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Dr. Christie’s Lectures
A
2
Q
Salmonella enterica causes….
Give me some general info please!
A
Salmonellosis!
G (-)
Easily transmitted between animals, humans, environment (zoonotic!)
found in 80% of raw chicken fed to animals 20-35% poultry carcasses for human consumption 5-9% raw pet food
3
Q
CS of Salmonellosis
A
None to mild severe gastroenteritis
4
Q
Dx of Salmonellosis
A
CS fecal culture
5
Q
Tx of Salmonellosis
A
Minimal signs/asymptomatic - none Severe cases - isolation, AB’s chloramphenicol, SMZ/TMP, amoxi, ampicillin
6
Q
Campylobacter general info please!
A
C. jejuni
G-
Many dogs & cats are asymptomatic carriers
7
Q
CS of Campylobacter
A
Large bowel diarrhea
mucous, tenesmus, hematochezia
incr signs w/ STRESS
8
Q
Dx of Campylobacter
A
Microscopic exam
Culture
PCR
9
Q
Tx of Campylobacter
A
Abs? Unk efficacy
erythromycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin
10
Q
Helicobacter
A
G (-)
Live in stomach
produce high levels of urease to survive low pH
11
Q
CS of Helicobacter
A
May or may not cause chronic gastritis
12
Q
Tx of Helicobacter
A
Triple therapy
2 antibiotics & antacid
amoxicillin, metronidazole & omeprazole
or
amoxicillin, metroinidazole & famotidine
13
Q
Brucellosis
A
B. canis = G (-) aerobic, coccobacillus
cats resistant to infection, only affects dogs
transmmitted through aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, orally/conjucntivally?
persists intracellularly
14
Q
CS of Brucellosis
A
Dogs can have asymptomatic infections
generalised lymphadenopathy, transient fevers even seizure
Intact males - enlarged scrotum, epididymitis, infertility, testicular atrophy
Females - infertility, abortion, stillborn pups
Other CS: Discospondylitis chorioretinitis, optic neuritis anterior uveitis
15
Q
Dx of Brucellosis
A
Serology
titres stapy positive for up to 3 years
Rapid Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT) - good screening (95% sensitive) but not specific due to cross react w/ other bact.
Tube agglutination test (TAT) - titer >200 = active infection, 50-100 = suspect infection
still confirm w/ AGID, ELISA or PCR or bact cult
Culture aborted tissues or blood
16
Q
Tx of Brucellosis
A
Very difficult to eradicate
Sterilise all infected animals due to public health concerns
Doxycycline & IM streptomycin - aminolycosides, doxy, quinolones
4 wks tx
retest 6-9 mos post tx
17
Q
Actinomyces & Nocardia spp
A
G (+)
Associated w/ anerobic infections, FB migrations, pyothorax, peritonits, bite wounds.
Often has draining tracts/wounds with yellow (sulfer) granules
Associated w/ wounds & pyothorax
18
Q
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
A
RNA - very susceptible in environment
19
Q
CDV pathogenesis
A
water droplets → upper respiratory tract epithelium → multiplies in tissue MØ (<24) → lymphatics
2-4d PI ^^^ viral load in tonsils & retropharyngeal/bronchial LN
4-6d PI virus in lymphoid follicles of spleen, GALT (lamina propria of stomach, SI), mesenteric LN & liver Kupffer cells
^^^ viral replication causes pyrexia & lymphopenia 3-6d PI → 8-9d PI spreads to epithelial tissues & CNS
by 14D PI animals w/ adeq CDV abs & cell-mediated response clear virus from most tissues
Poor immune response leads to spread in skin, exocrine/endocrine glands, & epithelium of GIT, resp tract & GU tract
20
Q
CS of CDV
A
Bilateral serous oculonasla discharge
Biphasic pyrexia
KCS
Diarrhea
Vesicles & pustules
Nasal & digital hyperkeratosis & CNS signs “hard pad dz”
tachypnea, coughing
meningeal inflammation
seizures
myoclonus
21
Q
Dx CDV
A
3-6 mo unvaccinated (inadequately vxd) puppy
intracytoplasmic distemper inclusion bodies in erythrocytes
MRI
CSF: anti-CDV antibody, ^ protein - if blood contamination of CSF occurs & serology shows CDV +, test for Parvo. If parvo + then confirms + CDV is from vx not dz (CPV isnt neurotrophic)
Serology
PCR: buffy coat, WB, serum or CSF sample
Serum antibody testing - neutralising antibodies “gold standard” (IgG levels)
Indirect FA testing titers
22
Q
Tx of CDV
Px
A
supportive care, anti-seizure
POOR
23
Q
Prev of CDV
A
Vx
Killed (not in US)
Vector vaccine - canarypox based
MLV (most common)
Can cause vx reactions
Vx schedule - after initial series (6, 9, 12, 16 wks) & 1 yr booster then q 3y
public health risk - Pagets dz?
24
Q
Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)
A
Highly resistant in environment
PI virus in all tissues but 10-14 d PI virus only in kidneys & excreted in urine 6-9 mos!
25
Pathogenesis of CAV-1
**Severe viremia 4-8d PI**
**Hepatic parenchymal cells, vascular endothelium & CNS prime targets**
**ABs form by 7d PI**
**Acute hepatic necrosis**
26
CS of CAV-1
**moribound & die in a few hours post CS onset (fading puppy dz)**
**Pyrexia**
**tonsillar enlargement & lymphadenopathy**
**hemorrhagic diathesis**
**icterus uncommon**
**corneal edema & anterior uveitis**
**Called: Canine infectious hepatitis**
27
Dx of CAV-1
CBC: **leukopenia, lymphopenia & neutropenia**
**thrombocytopenia**
Chem: **hyperglobinemia day 7-21**
**^ ALT, AST & ALP**
**Coagulation abnormalities**
UA: **proteinuria**
**abdominal paracentesis/ abdominocentisis: yellow/hemmorhagic fluid**
**Serology: ^^^ titers after infection**
PM pathology: **swollen liver & mottled, multiple ecchymotic hemorrhages**
28
Tx of CAV-1
**Supportive care for severe hepatopathy**
*IVF, FFP for albumin & clotting factors, glucose, decr protein diet, laxative & lacutlose to acidify colon (to change ammonia to ammonium)*
29
Prevention of CAV-1
**Vx: use MLV for CAV-2 (good cross protection immunity)**
30
Canine Parvovirus (CPV)
**DNA virus**
**requires rapidly dividing cells for replication**
**CPV-2 (most common)**
**highly contagious, often fatal, vary stable & resistant in environment**
**younger predisposed (6wks - 6 mos)**
**Rottweilers**
**Incubation period 1-5d**
31
CS of CPV
**GIT:**
* **vomiting, diarrhea (yellow→hemorrhagic), anorexia**
* **⇒severe dehydration**
* **death in 2 days**
**BM:**
**severe leukopenia (lymphopenia)**
32
Dx CPV
**CS**
**leukopenia (not all dogs)**
**fecal ELISA antigen test**
**fecal PCR**
**EM of feces**
*Serology only detect immunity from vaccinated animals*
**PM pathology: hemorrhagic enteritis, necrosis of crypt epithelium in SI, immunoflourescence**
33
Tx of CPV
**Restore fluids & electrolytes**
**Antiemetic agents** *- metoclopramide, ondansetron, maropitant (not \<10wks, better \>16wks)*
**Food, food, food**
**gastri****c protectants**
**WB, plasma, colloids**
34
Prevention of CPV
**Immunity post infection \>20 mos**
**Vx: MLV**
**DOI: 3-7y**
**Virus shed for short time (4-5d)**
**persists in environment \>5mos**
35
Canine Coronavirus (CCV)
**highly contagious**
36
CS of CCV
*enteric CV:* **subclinical to mild diarrhea**
37
Dx of CCV
**EM of fresh feces**
**Fecal PCR**
**serum VN & ELISA**
**CAN JUMP SPP - ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL!**
38
Tx: CCV
Prevention
Supportive
Vx: **MLV**
39
Canine Rotavirus
Dx
**affects \<12 wks old**
**mild diarrhea**
**Fecal ELISA for rotavirus antigen**
40
Canine Herpes virus
Pathogenesis
**Cytocidal**
**not very stable in environment**
**in utero, passage through birth canal & contact w/ litter mates, oronasal secretions from dam**
**animal \<1wk ⇒ fatal generalised infection**
**animal \>2wks ⇒ mild or inapparent infection**
**repicates in nasopharynx, genital tract, tonsils, retropharyngeal LN, bronchial LN, conjunctival tissue, occas. lungs**
**can result in abortions/still births**
**multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis, DIC & thrombocytopenia**
41
CS CHV
Neonates:
**Acute death**
**dull, weight loss, depressed, lose interest in feeding, pass soft stools**
**petechial hemorrhages**
older pups & adults:
**mild or inapparant URI**
**if genital: petechiae, ecchymotic submucosal hemorrhage**
**vesicles**
42
Dx of CHV
Tx
prevention
**viral isolation**
**serology**
**PCR - most reliable**
**Unrewarding in neonates - rapidly fatal**
**Vx**
43
Rabies virus (RV)
**all warm blooded mammals**
**bite from infected animal**
**saliva**
**USA declared canine - rabies free in 2007**
**Vx still mandatory**
**prevalence of RV in wildlife increasing**
44
Pathogen of RV
**enters peripheral n & ascends sensory or motor fiber**
**CNS signs develop avg 3-8 wk PI**
**Cell neccrosis occurs**
**ascending flaccid paralysis**
**- to the salivary glands**
45
CS of RV
**Prodromal phase (2-3 days)**
* **Apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude,** variable fever
* **Fractious animals become very affectionate**
**Furious/ psychotic type (1-7 days)**
* **Increase response**, bite at objects, **photophobic, hyperesthetic**
* **Restless and roam**
**Paralytic/ dumb type (1-10 days)**
* **Cranial nerve paralysis, hypersalivation, inability to swallow**
* **Paraparesis, incoordination, terminating in coma and death**
*Cats sometimes get the paralytic form straight after
the prodromal phase*
46
Dx of RV
Tx
Prevention
**CDC**
**FA testing**
**Testing of saliva for virus**
**Serology - used to document rabies immunisation**
**PCR**
**NONE**
**KV Vx**
47
Pseudorabies (PHV-1)
**DNA virus**
**aka Aujesky's dz, mad itch & infectious bulbar paralysis**
**USA**
**contaminated PORK products**
**ingested & incubation 3-6 d**
**Ascends nerves**
48
CS of Pseudorabies in SA
**Majority dogs develop severe CS**
**ALWAYS FATAL**
**self mutilation**
**trismus, paresis & paralysis of facial mm, difficulty swallowing**
**aggressiveness, head pressing, convulsions**
*Cats often die w/o neuro signs*
49
Dx of pseudorabies
Tx
Prevention
**CSF : ^^ proteins**
**Pathology: FA testing for antigen on various tissues (brain, tonsils)**
**PCR**
**Futile**
**keep away from row pork products, vx in endemic areas only**
50
Giardia
Life cycle: **excyst w/ help of gastric acid & panreatic enzymes**
## Footnote
**attach to brush border of villous epithelium - duodenum to ileum (dogs) & jejunum to ileum (cats)**
51
CS of giardia
**Diarrhea/maldigestion-malabsorbtion**
52
Dx of giardia
**fecal microscopy**
**identify cysts**
**fecal ELISA test - antigen in feces**
**PCR**
53
Tx giardia
Prevention
**Fenbendazole 50mg/kg PO SID x 5 d**
**decontaminate environment**
**tx affected animals**
**clean cysts off coats**
**prevent re-introduction of infection**
54
Cryptosporidium spp
**fecal-oral route**
**Oocytes excyst→ sporozoites→ trophozoites which proliferate on microvillous surface of enterocytes**
55
CS of Cryptosporidium spp
**small bowel diarrhea (high vol, low freq) & wt loss**
**Chronic: tenesmus, hematochezia, abd discomfort**
56
Dx of cryptosporidium
**fecal microscopic exam**
**concentration techniques**
**cytological & histologic staining**
**- modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain**
**immunostaining**
**fecal antigen detection by ELISA**
**PCR**
**intestinal biopsies**
57
Coccidiosis
**Isospora spp**
**asexual & sexual stage**
**in immunosupressed/young animals**
**diarrhea (neonates)**
**anorexia, vomiting, depression**
58
Dx coccidiosis
Tx
**fecal flotation**
**sulfonamides (SMZ/TMP)**
**Amprolium**
**Toltrazuril/diclazuril**
59
Neospora caninum
dogs
mostly affects young puppies
60
CS of Neospora
**ne****urological deficits & muscular abnormalities**
**puppies \< 6mos**
**ascending paralysis (hind\> fore)**
**dogs \> 6mos**
**multifocal CNS involvement**
61
Dx neospora
Tx
**incr. CK, AST**
**serology:**
**antibody testing (ELISA, indirect FA, immunoprecipitation)**
**ck CSF**
**Trimethoprim sulphonamides 15-20mg/kg BID x 4-8 wks**
**clindamycin 1-22mg/kg BID 4-8 wks**
62
Leishmania spp
***L. infantum***
**dogs are reservoir hosts for humans/dogs**
**sand fly**
**in utero transmission**
63
Pathogen of leishmania
**Trojan horse transmission through MØ!**
**promastigotes from sandfly saliva to skin, phagocytosed by MØ, in which they multiply as amastigotes *hidden from immune system*, cell is lysed and released, travel through hemolymph regions -** *blood, LN, liver, spleen, BM & skin*
64
Dx leishmania
**NOTIFIABLE CDC!**
**tissue aspirate (LN 30%, BM 60%)**
**PCR (most sensitive)**
**screen blood donors**
**Serology**
**IgG levels develop within 2-4 wks**
65
Tx leishmania
**difficult**
**multi drug therapy needed**
66
Hepatozoon spp
***Hepatozoon americanum***
***- Amblyomma maculatum vector***
severe dz, southern US
**young immunocompromised animals**
***Hepatozoon canis***
***Rhipicephalus tick, Amblyomma tick vector***
incidental, Africa
67
Dx H. americanim
Tx
**Radiographs - periosteal reaction near mm attachment (good screening test dogs \<1 year)**
**PCR**
**Blood smear - gametocytes/gamonts in monocytes**
**NSAIDs for pain**
**no tx eliminates tissue stage but remission possible**
68
Babesiosis
**Hemoprotozoan parasite that infects erythrocytes**
**Lg. babesia spp: B. canis, B. rossi (*most severe)*, B. vogeli, 2 unnamed**
**Sm. babesia: B. gibsoni, B. conrdae, B. microti-like, B. caballi, T. annulata, T. equi**
**Most common in USA B. vogeli (least pathogenic)**
69
Tx of babesiosis - B. vogeli
Usually subclinical but can cause hemolytic anemia
## Footnote
**Imidocarb dipropionate - IM repeat in 2wks**
70
B. gibsoni
CS
Dx
**50% pitbulls tested in US +**
**dog fights**
**CS: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, fever**
**Blood smear - cannot distinguish spp on smear**
**PCR**
**spleen & liver most affected (filter organ)**
71
72
Bartonella spp
**B. henselae - most common**
**warm humid area**
**5-40% cats in US**
**fleas - Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)**
**bacteremia more severe in coinfections w/ FeLV, FIV or FPV**
**intracellular bacteria in erythrocytes (can be extracellular & in tissues)**
73
CS bartonella
**Few develop CS - prdominantlyy subclinical**
**Lymphadenopathy**
**Transient fever, lethargy, anorexia**
74
Dx bartonella
**Blood culture - reliable for definitive dx**
**serology -only indicates exposure**
**PCR - same sensitivity as blood culture**
75
Tx bartonella
**Enrofloxacin**
**Doxycycline**
**Azithromycin**
76
Prevention bartonella & PH consideration
**avoid blood transfusions of cats w/ unk bartonella statue**
**cat scratch dz - cats ar reservoirs for dz to humans**
77
Mycoplasma spp
**hemotropic mycoplasma**
**- RBCs, G (-),**
**Mycoplasma haemofelis:**
**lg form, anemia likely**
**Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum:**
**sm form (common), rarely causes CS unless concurrent infection or immunosuppression**
78
Transmission of mycoplasma
**blood by tranfusion**
**naturally; arthropod & fleas**
**horizontal: fighting & saliva**
**vertical**
79
CS of mycoplasma spp
**hemolytic anemia (2 mechanisms)**
1. **immune mediated**
2. **hemolysis: intravascular, extravascular**
**cyclic parasitemia - sample collected close to capillary bed & immediate smear**
80
Tx mycoplasma
**Antibiotics reduce parasitemia but not eliminate organism**
**Doxy - watch for esophagitis**
**enrofloxacin** - can cause blindness
**marbofloxacin**
**pradofloxacin**
**prednisolone: to decr erythrophagocytosis in servrly anemic animals**
81
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)
**feline panleukopenia** caused by Fe parvovirus
## Footnote
**very stable (\>1 yr) in environment**
**short shedding period**
**fomites - litter trays, clothing, shoes, hands, food dishes, bedding, infected cages**
82
pathogenesis of FPV
**rapidly dividing cells**
**lymphoid tissue, BM, intestinal mucosa**
initial replication oropharynx \< 24h PI
**plasma- phase viremia 2-7 days** - disseminates all over
**lymphoid tissue necrosis**
**intestinal crypt damage**
**immunosuppression**
**coinfections common**
**in utero infection**
**cerebellar defects, FPV capable of replicating in neurons**
**Myocarditis & cardiomyopathy**
83
CS of FPV
**many subclinical**
**Peracute - dead \<12 hrs**
**Acute - most common**
84
Dx of FPV
**CS & leukopenia**
**serology - serum VN (if titers rise 4x in paired sample = infection)**
**fecal viral antigen test - ELISA**
**viral isolation**
**PCR (wb, feces, tissues)**
85
Tx FPV
**Symptomatic**
**parenteral fluids/elctrolytes**
**anti-emetics**
**covering antibiotics**
**Food**
86
prevention of FPV
**MLV Vx**
**passive immunotherapy** - 2ml from high titer cats to kittens s/c or IP
87
Other enteric viruses of cats
*Canine parvovirus type 2b & 2c:* **mild disease compared to FPV, tx identical**
88
Feline coronavirus (FeCOV)
**Ubiquitous enteric infections**
**RNA virus**
**Few that get infected develop FIP - immune-mediated vasculitis**
**Different strains of FeCOV exist & higher the load more likely FIP occurs**
**2 serotypes:**
**Type 1 - unique feline strain (*Most common)***
**Type 2 - recomb of fe & canine coronavirus**
***_Both can cause FIP_***
89
Pathogenesis of FeCOV
**Virus shed in feces 2 days PI**
**majority clear virus w/i 2-3 mos**
90
FeCOV & FIP
**FeCoV monocytes release:**
**IL-6, TNF-a, IL-2, Metalloproteinase MMP-9**
**immune response to FeCoV also plays a role**
**cell mediatd immune respone - prevents infection**
**but...**
**absent CMI & strong humoral response - develops effusive FIP!**
**intermediate CMI response results in non effusive FIP**
91
CS of FeCoV/FIP
**diarrhea (can be severe), upper resp. tract signs**
**vomiting, wt. loss**
**predominantly younger cats - takes months to years to develop**
**multisystemic inflammatory vasculitis dz**
**FIP misnomer!**
**Effusive & non-effusive**
**both forms are same dz, effusive has more damage to bv resulting in fluid & protein accumulation in body cavities**
92
FIP effusive
**abdominal distension/ascites**
**bright or dull**
**mild pyrexia, wt. loss, dyspnea, tachypnea**
**pallor/icterus**
**muffled heart sounds/pericardial effusions**
**abdominal masses palpable (adhesions & enlarged LN)**
93
FIP non effusive
**vague CS**
**mild pyrexia, wt loss, dullness, depressed appetite**
**icterus**
**intraocular lesions:**
**Iritis**
**aqueous flare/cloudiness of anterior chamber**
**keratic precipitates**
**retinal hemorrhage/detachment**
**dyspnea/tachypnea**
94
Dx FeCoV/FIP
**histopathology demonstrating vasculitis - gold standard**
**effusion analysis:**
**^^ protein, modified transudate**
**alb:glob \<0.45**
**Rivalta test: + result drop retains shape**
**immunofluorscent staining for FeCov in macrophages - *definitive dx!***
**^^ Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (high levels aid in dx)**
**FeCoV antibody titer**
**RT-PCR - very sensitive, used on effusions (+) is highly suggestive**
**RT-PCR for mRNA - sensitive & specific but needs specific transport media**
**Antigen detection in tissues:**
**immunohistochemistry & direct FA on effusion, cytology (FNA), biopsies**
**histopathology immunohistochemistry staining is absolute gold standard!**
95
Tx for FeCoV/FIP
Prevention
**No real tx exists**
**glucocorticoids**
**good nutrition**
**Vx: Mutant FeCoV strain, IN, produces CMI response**
**results in AB protection**
**Vx does not work in cat incubating dz**
**Husbandry**
96
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
* *worldwide**
* *, most dz-related deaths**
## Footnote
**more CS**
**Retrovirus, SSRNA, enveloped**
**Virus need DNA for replication - so incorporates in hosts own DNA**
97
virus origin FeLV
prevalence
**pathogenic: exogenic viruses, FeLV-A, horizontally from cat-cat**
**non-pathogenic: endogenous virus (inherited), vertical transmission, incr pathogenicity of FeLV-A**
**FeLV *gag (group-associated antegen)* gene**
***Gag* protein p27 used as antigen to test for virus**
1-8% in free roaming healthy cats
up to 38% if only sick cats included
98
Transmission of FeLV
**close contact**
**sallive (predominantly) also blood**
**horizontal spread predominantly**
**vertical spread - transplacentally or through nursing**
**readily inactivated in environment**
**Pathogenesis:**
**immune status, age of cat**
99
4 stages/types of FeLV infection
**Abortive infection:**
**high levels of neutralizing antibodies**
**Regressive infection:**
**effective immune response, initially ELISA FeLV-p27 antigen +, virus cleared in 3-6 wks**
**FeLV incorporated in genome & can be picked up on PCR**
**Regressive infections can reactivate in preganancy d/t immunosuppression.**
**Progressive infection:**
**Virus not contained**
**immune system not strong**
**persistently viremic, often die from FeLV related disease withing 3y**
**Focal or Atypical infection:**
**virus restricted to certain tissues**
100
CS of FeLV
**hematopoietic malignancy**
**myelosuppression**
**infections dz**
**various co-infections (FIP,FIV), URI, hemotropic mycoplasmosis & stomatitis most common**
**Fading kitten syndrome**
**neuropathy**
101
Dx of FeLV
**Direct detction of virus:**
**ELISA, Direct FA testing - look for p27 antigen**
**Nucleic acid detction:**
**used when a rgressive infection is suspected in cats with lymphoma or BM suppressive syndrome or chronically inflamed gingival lesions**
**Antibody detection:**
**USELESS as cats immune to FeLV have antibodies! Duh!**
102
Tx FeLV
**FeLV infected cat**
* **All cats in household tested**
* **if some (-) separate, if can't then vx**
* **Single cats - confine indoors**
**Vaccinate w/ core vx (FPV, FHV, FCV) - possible need to vx q 6mos**
**Tumor tx:**
**Px worse, routine chemotherapy**
**Hematological disorders:**
**most are reversible**
**Antiviral chemotherapy:**
**Zidovudine (AZT), didanosine**
**Feline IFN-ω:**
**fewer CS & survive longer**
103
Prevention of FeLV
**Vx**
virus **(whole killed virus)
Vaccination does not interfere with testing – unless done within the first few days of vaccination
Does the cat need the vaccination?
Injection site-associated sarcomas
Canarypox vaccine …**
104
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
Transmission
**FIV is a lentivirus, a class of retrovirus**
**common worldwide (4-24%)**
**virus in saliva or blood → bites or fights/ wounds
Experimentally all parental routes (i/v, s/c, i/m, i/p)
high concentrations in milk
Transmission from mother to kittens in utero or postpartum is a very rare event
FIV transmission through the mucosal route is rare**
105
Pathogenesis of FIV
**Depends on:**
**Age, younger cats that get FIV develop clinical signs sooner
FIV virus, some isolate are more pathogenic**
**virus replication tissues rich in lymphocytes (thymus, spleen, ln)
lymphocytes and macrophages in bm, lung, intestinal tract, brain and kidney**
**After initial viremia – host mounts a clear antibody response
antibodies are detectable 2 to 4 weeks post infection
asymptomatic period
Plasma levels of virus and viral RNA increase from time to time
Affects both CD+4 and CD8+ cells
Disrupts normal immune function**
106
CS of FIV
1. **Acute phase**
2. **Clinical asymptomatic phase of variable duration**
3. **Terminal phase of infection (feline AIDS)**
107
Dx of FIV
clinicopathology findings: CS **non-specific**
***_Antibody_* testing:**
**most cats prduce antibodies w/i 60d of exposure**
**test has high sensitivity**
**Viral isolation
Repeat ELISA antibody test using another test kit from a different manufacturer
Kittens may have antibodies from their mother up to 6 months of age, these cats should become negative after 6 months
repeat test 60 days after potential exposure
ELISA test can be performed to differentiate FIV vaccinated from FIV cats**
**ELISA antigen testing**
**PCR - false (+) possible, PCR not standardised**
**sensitivity 41-93%**
**specificity 81-100%**
108
Tx of FIV
Prevention
**AZT (zidovudine)**
**Immunomodulatory tx**
**IFN-alpha showed a stimulation of immune system**
**Identify & segregate infected cats**
**FIV vx**
