Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Bio Science 214201 Pt 2 > Infectious & Immune Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious & Immune Diseases Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two main parts of Infection and Immunity?

A

Microbiology and infectious diseases, Diseases of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the focus of the learning objectives in Infectious Disease?

A

Summarise agents and mechanisms involved in human infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What types of microbes can cause disease?

A

Eukaryotes (fungi and parasites), prokaryotes (bacteria), viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Meningococcal disease?

A

Involves understanding its infectious agents and effects on the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the treatment and prevention measures for respiratory infections?

A

Antibiotics, vaccinations, hygiene practices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Immunity.

A

The ability of the body to defend against foreign invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is immune tolerance?

A

The ability to avoid an immune response against self-antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List three types of immune disorders.

A
  • Hypersensitivity (allergies)
  • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Rheumatic Fever, Coeliac Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis)
  • Immunodeficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two categories of immunodeficiency?

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

A sequence that includes infectious agent, reservoir, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a susceptible host?

A

A healthy or immune-compromised individual who can contract an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank: Microbes can be separated into eukaryotes and _______.

A

[prokaryotes]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of reservoirs in the chain of infection?

A

They are the environments where pathogens live and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify the portals of entry for infections.

A
  • Respiratory tract
  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Broken skin
  • Genitourinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the modes of transmission for infectious diseases?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Indirect contact
  • Vector-borne
  • Droplets
  • Food
  • Water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the portals of exit for pathogens?

A
  • Excretions
  • Secretions
  • Skin
  • Droplets
  • Blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe hypersensitivity.

A

An exaggerated immune response to a stimulus, commonly seen in allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

A condition where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the significance of the case study involving an allergic reaction?

A

It illustrates the clinical presentation and management of an allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: Viruses are considered cells.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the vital signs indicated in the case study for the allergic reaction?

A
  • Temp: 37.BC
  • HR: 120
  • RR: 32
  • BP: 100/60
  • SpO2: 85%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Upper Respiratory System and Lower Respiratory System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What types of pathogens can cause respiratory infections?

A

Bacterial, viral, fungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name two examples of bacterial respiratory infections.

A
  • Strep throat
  • Bacterial pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a common viral respiratory infection?
Common cold (a group of viruses)
26
List three viral respiratory infections.
* COVID-19 * Flu * RSV
27
What is the MMR vaccine used to prevent?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella
28
What is the nature of the measles virus?
A contagious virus with serious consequences
29
What was a significant measles outbreak in the USA?
USA Measles outbreak 2024-2025
30
How many deaths were reported due to measles in 2025?
2 deaths
31
What are the vaccination rates for MMR in Aotearoa?
PHCC 2024
32
What is the R0 of the measles virus?
12–18
33
How is measles transmitted?
Person to person via large respiratory droplets and airborne droplets
34
When is a person with measles contagious?
4 days before to 4 days after rash onset
35
What is the primary site of infection for measles?
Lung immune cells
36
What is the incubation period for measles?
11-12 days
37
What are the initial symptoms of measles during the prodrome phase?
* Fever * Cough * Conjunctivitis * Koplik spots in mouth
38
Describe the maculopapular rash associated with measles.
Starts at hairline and moves downward to hands and feet, persists 5-6 days
39
What are some complications of measles?
* Ear infections * Diarrhoea * Pneumonia * Encephalitis * SSPE * Death
40
What type of treatment is available for measles?
Supportive treatment
41
What is 'immune amnesia' in the context of measles?
Measles can cause immune memory cells to forget past vaccinations or infections
42
What does SSPE stand for?
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
43
What is the typical outcome of SSPE?
Usually fatal
44
What is the only way to prevent future SSPE?
Childhood MMR vaccination
45
What are the two main parts of Infection and Immunity?
Microbiology and infectious diseases, Diseases of the immune system
46
What is the focus of the learning objectives in Infectious Disease?
Summarise agents and mechanisms involved in human infectious diseases
47
What types of microbes can cause disease?
Eukaryotes (fungi and parasites), prokaryotes (bacteria), viruses
48
What is the pathophysiology of Meningococcal disease?
Involves understanding its infectious agents and effects on the body
49
What are the treatment and prevention measures for respiratory infections?
Antibiotics, vaccinations, hygiene practices
50
Define Immunity.
The ability of the body to defend against foreign invaders
51
What is immune tolerance?
The ability to avoid an immune response against self-antigens
52
List three types of immune disorders.
* Hypersensitivity (allergies) * Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Rheumatic Fever, Coeliac Disease, Rheumatoid arthritis) * Immunodeficiency
53
What are the two categories of immunodeficiency?
* Primary * Secondary
54
What is the chain of infection?
A sequence that includes infectious agent, reservoir, portal of entry, mode of transmission, portal of exit, susceptible host
55
What is a susceptible host?
A healthy or immune-compromised individual who can contract an infection
56
Fill in the blank: Microbes can be separated into eukaryotes and _______.
[prokaryotes]
57
What is the role of reservoirs in the chain of infection?
They are the environments where pathogens live and multiply
58
Identify the portals of entry for infections.
* Respiratory tract * Gastrointestinal tract * Broken skin * Genitourinary tract
59
What are the modes of transmission for infectious diseases?
* Direct contact * Indirect contact * Vector-borne * Droplets * Food * Water
60
What are the portals of exit for pathogens?
* Excretions * Secretions * Skin * Droplets * Blood
61
Describe hypersensitivity.
An exaggerated immune response to a stimulus, commonly seen in allergies
62
What is autoimmunity?
A condition where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues
63
What is the significance of the case study involving an allergic reaction?
It illustrates the clinical presentation and management of an allergic response
64
True or False: Viruses are considered cells.
False
65
What are the vital signs indicated in the case study for the allergic reaction?
* Temp: 37.BC * HR: 120 * RR: 32 * BP: 100/60 * SpO2: 85%
66
What is meningococcal disease?
A serious disease caused by invasion of Neisseria meningitidis, a gram-negative bacteria that can release toxins ## Footnote The toxin causes inflammation and tissue damage.
67
What are the primary symptoms of meningitis?
Fever, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, headache, sensitivity to light, neck stiffness, rash or spots ## Footnote Symptoms usually progress quickly to severe illness, often within 24 hours.
68
How is meningococcal disease transmitted?
Via saliva and respiratory droplets ## Footnote Meningococcal bacteria are carried in the nose and throat.
69
What are the risk factors for meningococcal disease?
Carriage rates are highest in older teenagers and young adults ## Footnote Why invasion occurs in some individuals is not well understood.
70
What percentage of those who survive meningococcal disease may have long-term complications?
1-2 out of 10 ## Footnote Complications can include skin scarring, limb amputation, hearing loss, seizures, or brain injury.
71
What is a characteristic sign of meningococcal sepsis?
A petechial rash that does not blanch when pressed ## Footnote This rash is often a late sign of infection and can proceed to DIC.
72
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated intravascular Coagulation ## Footnote DIC presents as bleeding into the skin (purpura) and other tissues.
73
What is the main test for meningococcal disease?
Lumbar puncture followed by microbiology and biochemical testing ## Footnote Cerebrospinal Fluid is tested for bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
74
What do blood cultures test for if sepsis is suspected?
Presence of bacteria in the blood
75
Which strains of Neisseria meningitidis are most likely to cause disease in Aotearoa?
A, B, C, E, X, Y, and W strains ## Footnote Group B followed by W is currently most likely to cause disease.
76
What vaccines are available for meningococcal disease?
* Bexsero (MenB) - Group B vaccine * MenACWY - Groups A, C, W, Y vaccine * NeisVac-C - Group C vaccine ## Footnote Bexsero is available for babies to adults; MenACWY is for ages 9 months to 55 years.
77
Who is recommended to receive meningococcal vaccines for free?
Individuals aged 13-25 years living in communal accommodation ## Footnote Bexsero catchups are free for those under 5 years until August 2025.
78
What is the primary treatment for meningococcal disease?
Antibiotics ## Footnote Prevention is primarily through vaccination.
79
True or False: Humans are the only host for Neisseria meningitidis.
True
80
Fill in the blank: Meningococcal disease can lead to _______ if not treated promptly.
sepsis

Human Bio Science 214201 Pt 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions