Infertilities maternal

Question 1

Inability conceives a child or sustains a pregnancy to childbirth.
Exist when a pregnancy has not occurred after at least 1 year of engaging in unprotected coitus.

Answer 1

Infertility

Question 2

the term more often used today that can unable to produce a baby

Answer 2

Subfertility

Question 3

the inability to conceive because of a known condition such as the absence of a uterus

Answer 3

Sterility

Question 4

Types of subfertility

Answer 4

PRIMARY SUBFERTILITY
SECONDARY SUBFERTILITY

Question 5

There have been no previous conception

Answer 5

PRIMARY SUBFERTILITY

Question 6

There has been a previous viable pregnancy but the couple is unable to conceive at present

Answer 6

SECONDARY SUBFERTILITY

Question 7

percent of couples are infertile after TWO yrs

Answer 7

10 percent

Question 8

As a rule these are the limitations set by some health care settings before evaluation:
if a woman is younger than 35 years of age, it is usually suggested she have an evaluation after 1 year of subfertility
If a woman is older than 35 years, she should be seen after 6 months
if the couple is extremely apprehensive or knows of a specific problem that could be causing their difficulty in conceiving, studies should never be delayed, regardless of the couple’s age

Answer 8

Fertility Assessment

Question 9

is the medical condition of a man whose semen contains no sperm.

Answer 9

Azoospermia

Question 10

Failure to deposit Sperms

Answer 10

ED (formerly known as Impotence)
Premature ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation
Use of Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s)

Question 11

Inadequate Sperm Count

Answer 11

Sperm Count
Number of sperm in a single ejaculation or milliliter of semen
Normal: ranges from 15 million sperm to more than 200 million sperm per mL of semen
Factors that can affect sperm count:
Any condition that significantly increases body temperature
Congenital abnormalities (cryptorchidism)
Twisted spermatic cord
Varicocele

Question 12

Obstruction or Impaired Motility

Answer 12

Occur at any point along the pathway that spermatozoa must travel to reach the outside.
Causes:
Mumps orchitis
Epididymitis
Tubal infections (gonorrhea or ascending urethral infection)
Congenital stricture of the spermatic duct

Question 13

4 causes of male infertility

Answer 13

1. failure to produce sperm
2. failure to deposit sperm
3. Inadequate sperm count
4. obstructions or impaired mobility

Question 14

Test for semen

Answer 14

Semen Analysis

Question 15

tests for the following:
number of sperm (volume)
shape of sperm
movement of sperm, or “sperm motility”

Answer 15

Semen analysis

Question 16

Done 2 – 4 days of sexual abstinence and/or abstinence from ejaculation
Spermatozoa are examined under a microscope within 2 hours of collection noting appearance and motility
Repeated in 2 – 3 months

Answer 16

Semen Analysis

Question 17

days of sexual abstinence and/or abstinence from ejaculation for semen analysis

Answer 17

2-4 days

Question 18

are examined under a microscope within 2 hours of collection noting appearance and motility

Answer 18

Spermatozoa

Question 19

Semen Analysis is repeated in…

Answer 19

2 -3 months

Question 20

Primary pathologies of the male reproductive system can cause oxidative stress to sperm and can cause spermatozoal dysfunction and leads to infertility.

Answer 20

1. Male accessory gland infection
2. Immature/Abnormal spermatozoa
3. Prolonged stasis of spermatozoa in the epididymis or in transit.

Question 21

Environmental factors that cause male infertility

Answer 21

1. Drugs
2. Smoking
3. Pollution and radiation

Question 22

Systemic pathologies for male infertility

Answer 22

1. Diabetes
2. Cancer
3. Systemic Infection

Question 23

total sperm count in ejaculation

Answer 23

39-928 million

Question 24

Female Infertility causes…

Answer 24

1. Ovarian factors
2. Tubal transport problems
3. Uterine Problems
4. Cervical problems

Question 25

The ovarian factors affecting female infertility

Answer 25

PCOS Hyperprolactinemia Hypothyroidism Premature ovarian failure Luteal phase defect

Question 26

Usually due to scarring of the fallopian tubes PID Infection of pelvic organs is usually caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea Ruptured AP Abdominal surgery involving infection

Answer 26

Tubal Transport Problems

Question 27

1. Tumors block the entrance of the fallopian tubes OR Limit space available for effective implantation 2. Uterine deviations 3, Poor secretions of estrogen and progesterone 4. Endometriosis

Answer 27

Uterine Problems

Question 28

Infection and inflammation of the cervix Stenotic cervical os Congenital Scarring from D&C and/or cervical surgeries. Obstruction of the cervix (e.g. Polyp)

Answer 28

Cervical Problems

Question 29

Types of Fertility testing

Answer 29

1. Hysterosalpingography 2. Laparoscopy 3. Uterine Endometrial Biopsy 4. Hysteroscopy

Question 30

Radiologic examination of the fallopian tubes using a radio-opaque medium

Answer 30

Hysterosalpingography

Question 31

opaque water soluble dye is injected into the cervix and noted

Answer 31

Radio

Question 32

Introduction of a thin, flexible lighted tube (laparoscope) through a small incision in the abdomen just above the umbilicus to examine the position and state of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Done during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and done under general anesthesia Used to view the proximity of the ovaries to the fallopian tubes.

Answer 32

Laparoscopy

Question 33

Used as a test for ovulation or to reveal an endometrial problem such as a luteal phase defect. A catheter is inserted into the uterus through the vagina to remove cells from the uterine lining for examination.

Answer 33

Uterine Endometrial Biopsy

Question 34

Visual inspection of the uterus through the insertion of a hysteroscope through the cervix Helpful in discovering uterine adhesions

Answer 34

Hysteroscopy

Question 35

Man is advised to abstain from coitus 7 – 10 days to increase the amount Ligation of a varicocele Lifestyle changes Wearing loose clothing Avoiding long periods of sitting Avoid prolonged hot baths

Answer 35

Low Sperm Count

Question 36

Hormone Therapy for fertility management

Answer 36

1. Clomiphene citrate 2. Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin 3. Bromocriptine 4. Conjugated Estrogen 5. Progesterone vaginal suppositories

Question 37

Surgery for Infertility management

Answer 37

1. myomectomy 2. Lysis of uterine adhesions 3. Diathermy 4. Cannulation of the fallopian tubes

Question 38

Done if myoma is interfering with fertility

Answer 38

myomectomy

Question 39

If the problem is tubal insufficiency

Answer 39

Diathermy and Cannulation of the fallopian tubes