Infertility

Question 1

How to be diagnosed infertile

Answer 1

1 year of trying, <35 y/o
6 months of trying, >35y/o

Question 2

Infertility affects:

Answer 2

1 in 6 couples (Canada)

Question 3

Impacts of diagnosis

Answer 3

Social, economic, physical, financial, psychological

Question 4

Infertility factors percentage

Answer 4

women: 40%, men: 30%, combined: 20%, unexplained: 10%

Question 5

Risk factors for women

Answer 5

overweight, hormonal imbalances, endometriosis, eating disorders, >27 y/o, uterine fibroids, psychological stress, and more

Question 6

Risk factors for men

Answer 6

substance use (smoking, marijuana), BMI, heavy alcohol consumption, STIs, cryptorchidism (undescended testes), and more

Question 7

IVF

Answer 7

in vitro fertilization

Question 8

Clomiphene citrate (clomid)

Answer 8

Non-steroid synthetic anti estrogen, induces ovulation, discontinue after 3 cycles of use.
Nurse advise couple to have intercourse every other day for 1 week after day 5 of medication

Question 9

highest rate of pregnancy

Answer 9

6 days leading up to and including day 1 of ovulation

Question 10

initial screening for males

Answer 10

reproductive history and semen analysis

Question 11

clomiphene citrate test

Answer 11

tests for ability of eggs to be fertilized

Question 12

home ovulation predictor kits

Answer 12

tests for amount of LH present in urine–>high level of LH/surge from baseline=most fertile day

Question 13

hysterosalpingography

Answer 13

test for obstruction of fallopian tube, dye is inserted, check to see if fallopian tubes are patent

Question 14

laparoscopy

Answer 14

check for my physical ailments of uterus and etc.

Question 15

path of egg (ovum)

Answer 15

released from ovary than goes to fallopian tube and then goes down

Question 16

process of healthy reproduction

Answer 16

ovum is released from ovum than travels down fallopian tuba and continues down, sperm enters the vagina and swims to meet eh ovum at the outermost of fallopian tube–>fertilization takes place here

Question 17

duration of pregnancy

Answer 17

40 weeks from fertilization

Question 18

3 stages of fetal development

Answer 18

pre embryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Question 19

pre embryonic stage

Answer 19

fertilization through the second week

Question 20

embryonic stage

Answer 20

end of the second week through the eighth week

Question 21

fetal stage

Answer 21

end of the eighth week until birth

Question 22

zona pellucida

Answer 22

clear protein layer, blocks all sperm except for one, disappears in about 5 days

Question 23

gametogenesis

Answer 23

formation of gametes (sex cells) by meiosis

Question 24

spermatogenesis

Answer 24

one spermatogonium gives 4 sperm

Question 25

oogenesis

Answer 25

from oogonium-->one mature ovum and the rest are polar bodies (3)

Question 26

three embryonic layers of cell

Answer 26

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 27

endoderm

Answer 27

respiratory, liver, digestive, pancreas

Question 28

ectoderm

Answer 28

CNS, special sense, skin, glands

Question 29

mesoderm

Answer 29

skeletal, urinary, circulatory, reproductive organs

Question 30

where does fertilization take place

Answer 30

ampulla of fallopian tube

Question 31

what is a zygote

Answer 31

union of sperm and ovum, 46 chromosomes

Question 32

which determines the sex of the baby

Answer 32

sperm

Question 33

morula

Answer 33

mass/cluster of 16 cells, from 4 cleavages

Question 34

blastocyst

Answer 34

hollow ball of cells will become embryo and amnion (amniotic fluid)

Question 35

trophoblast

Answer 35

form placenta and chorion

Question 36

when does implantation occur

Answer 36

7-10 days after fertilization/conception in endometrium

Question 37

where on the uterus does implantation happen

Answer 37

fundus, thickest, rich with blood flow-->allows placenta not to implant too "much"

Question 38

chorion

Answer 38

outer membrane of fluid-filled sac, amniotic sac

Question 39

amnion

Answer 39

inner layer of amniotic sac

Question 40

what is amniotic fluid made up of

Answer 40

fetal urine, fluid transported from the maternal blood

Question 41

what does amniotic fluid do

Answer 41

help maintain constant body temp, help with symmetric growth, cushion the fetus, helps the umbilical cord not be compressed

Question 42

hCG

Answer 42

preserves the corpus lutecium and progesterone production, endometrial lining is preserved

Question 43

estrogen

Answer 43

enlargement of breasts, uterus and external genitalia

Question 44

progesterone

Answer 44

maintains the endometrium, situates metabolism and breast development

Question 45

relaxin

Answer 45

acts synergistically with progesterone to maintain pregnancy, causes relation of pelvic ligaments, softens cervix to prep for birth

Question 46

ductus venosus

Answer 46

connects umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

Question 47

ductus arteriosus

Answer 47

connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta

Question 48

oligiohyrdaminos

Answer 48

not enough amniotic fluid <500mL, issues with movement, skeletal, muscular development

Question 49

polyhydroaminos

Answer 49

too much amniotic fluid >2000mL, neural tube defects, maternal diabetes, etc.

Question 50

foramen ovale

Answer 50

anatomic opening between left and right atrium of heart

Question 51

fetal circulation

Answer 51

umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta to liver (through ductus venosus)-->then carried to inferior vena cava (RIGHT atrium of heart). Some of the blood is shunted through the foramen ovale to left side of heart. remaining blood is shunted through ductus arteriosus arterioles into the aorta to supply the rest of the body