Infertility Focused

Question 1

What is infertility in women OVER 35?

Answer 1

Infertility is when women over 35 are unable to conceive for 1 year with UNPROTECTED intercourse!

Question 2

What is infertility in women UNDER 35?

Answer 2

Infertility is when women UNDER 35 are unable to to conceive for 6 months with UNPROTECTED intercourse.

Question 3

What is PRIMARY INFERTILITY?

Answer 3

Primary infertility is the inability to conceive.

Question 4

What is SECONDARY INFERTILITY?

Answer 4

Secondary infertility is when a couple has conceived previously, but is currently unable to conceive.

Question 5

What is SUBFERTILITY?

Answer 5

Subfertility is when it takes a couple longer than average to achieve conception.

Question 6

What is STERILITY?

Answer 6

Sterility is when pregnancy is NEVER going to happen

Question 7

How many sperm, on average, are in each ejaculation?

Answer 7

35 - 200 MILLION

**At least 35 million

Question 8

There has to be at least __________ sperm per ejaculation with a volume of at least __________ and a pH of __________ for fertilization to occur.

Answer 8

There has to be at least 35 - 39 MILLION sperm per ejaculation with a volume of at least 1.5 MILLILITERS and a pH of GREATER than 7.2 for fertilization to occur.

Question 9

What is retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 9

RETROGRADE EJACULATION is when sperm are being ejaculated back into the bladder.

Question 10

What causes retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 10

RETROGRADE EJACULATION is caused by either:
-neurological problem
OR
-nerve damage

• *MUST be fixed surgically!
• indicated by less volume being ejaculated

Question 11

What is HYPOSPADIAS?

Answer 11

HYPOSPADIAS is when the urethral opening is on the ventral side of the penis

Question 12

What is ANOVULATION?

Answer 12

ANOVULATION is when a woman STOPS ovulating!

Question 13

What is PRIMARY ANOVULATION?

Answer 13

PRIMARY ANOVULATION is caused by a problem with the pituitary gland and/or the hypothalamus!

Question 14

What is SECONDARY ANOVULATION?

Answer 14

SECONDARY ANOVULATION is caused by a problem OTHER than a problem with the pituitary gland and/or hypothalamus!
EX: low body weight, low body fat, anorexia, etc.

Question 15

what is PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE?

Answer 15

PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE is when a woman spontaneously goes into menopause BEFORE the age of 40!

Question 16

What effects can Guaifenesin (mucinex) have on the female reproductive tract?

Answer 16

Guaifenesin (Mucinex) can actually THIN CERVICAL MUCUS!

Question 17

Cervical mucus should become ________ and _________ and ________ like an __________ just prior to ovulation.

Answer 17

Cervical mucus should become THIN and CLEAR and STRETCHY like an EGG WHITE just prior to ovulation.

Question 18

What is SPINNBARKEIT MUCOUS?

Answer 18

SPINNBARKEIT MUCUS is the mucus that is produced/released just prior to ovulation!
SPINNBARKEIT MUCUS is THIN & CLEAR & STRETCHY

Question 19

After ovulation, the cervical mucous __________ to a __________ consistency.

Answer 19

After ovulation, the cervical mucous THICKENS to a WHITE PASTE-LIKE consistency.

Question 20

What is ASHERMANS SYNDROME?

Answer 20

ASHERMANS SYNDROME refers to uterine adhesions and/or scarring

Question 21

What is HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAM (HSG)

Answer 21

-dye is injected into fallopian tubes
^^^used to evaluate patency of fallopian tubes

**if it comes out it is VERY PAINFUL, this indicates the tubes are open!

Question 22

What type of eggs are used to determine sperm penetration abilities?

Answer 22

HAMPSTER EGGS

Question 23

What is Clomiphene citrate and why/when is it used?

Answer 23

• 1st step in infertility treatments, given PO, 5-7 days into cycle (early)
• helps with ovulation/releasing of eggs, etc.
• *can lead to hyperovulation which can lead to shock

Question 24

Why is metformin given to patients suffering from infertility taking Clomiphene citrate?

Answer 24

Metformin is given to these patients to help reduce insulin resistance which leads to ovulation!

***Metformin can cause diarrhea, evaluate amount of sugar consumed

Question 25

What complications arise when diabetics take metormin?

Answer 25

Metformin leads to ovulation, so women on Metformin need to take contraceptives to further reduce chances of becoming pregnant!

Question 26

Menotropins & Infertility

Answer 26

Menotropins are generally used as SECOND step in infertility treatment! Menotropins are injectable forms of LH & FSH

Question 27

Menotropins & FSH

Answer 27

Menotropin FSH is used to make dozens of follicles and make estrogen levels rise!

Question 28

Menotropins & LH

Answer 28

Menotropin LH is used to ripen eggs, does not release the egg!

Question 29

HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin)

Answer 29

- 3rd step in infertility treatment | - given via ONE subq injection

Question 30

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a __________ that makes the woman __________ she has grown with the __________

Answer 30

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a PREGNANCY HORMONE that makes the woman RELEASE THE EGGS she has grown with the MENOTROPINS

Question 31

What can cause a false positive pregnancy test?

Answer 31

HCG injections can cause a false positive urine pregnancy test; Urine pregnancy tests check for the presence of HCG in the urine, when taking injectable HCG this can lead to the false positive

Question 32

Progesterone is generally administered via __________, but can also be given __________ or by __________

Answer 32

Progesterone is generally administered via DEEP IM INJECTION (buttocks), but can also be given VAGINALLY or by PATCH

Question 33

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Answer 33

__________ is a procedure that puts the sperm at the top of the inside of the uterus close to the fallopian tubes. Nurses are certified to do this, does not require an advanced degree

Question 34

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 34

fertilization occurs outside of the body most successful is when blastocyst (5 days post fertilization) is placed at very top of uterus

Question 35

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Answer 35

eggs and sperm are put in a tube and placed together in the very top of the uterus fertilization occurs in vivo (inside the body)

Question 36

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Answer 36

feralization occurs outside the body 24 hours after fertilization, the zygote is placed at the very top of the uterus less successful

Question 37

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Answer 37

every egg is injected with a sperm (kind of like an arranged marriage)

Question 38

In a semen analysis, what is the minimum number of sperm per ejaculate required to be within the acceptable range? 32 million 39 million 20 million 25 million

Answer 38

39 million

Question 39

The purpose of a hysterosalpingogram is to prepare the female reproductive tract for assisted reproductive technology procedures. True or false.

Answer 39

False The hysterosalpingogram is intended to assess reproductive tract patency. This test can be painful if the dye flows through the fallopian tubes and into the peritoneal cavity (a good sign of tubal patency)

Question 40

What infertility medication is used to directly stimulate ovarian follicle development? human chorionic gonadotrophin leupolide acetate metformin menotropins

Answer 40

menotropins LH and FSH are used to directly stimulate the follicles.

Question 41

What testicular factors may affect male fertility? Select all that apply. ``` Torsion Trauma Antihypertensive medications Variocele Sexually transmitted infections ```

Answer 41

Variocele Sexually transmitted infections Torsion Trauma

Question 42

Infertility is the inability to conceive after 6 months of unprotected (without contraception) and regular intercourse. True or false.

Answer 42

True & False Infertility is the inability to conceive after 1 year of UPI in a woman younger than 35 years of age and in 6 months in a woman 35 years of age and older.

Question 43

An intact hypothyroid-pituitary-gonadal axis is only needed in the female partner of a couple trying to conceive. True or false.

Answer 43

False This hormonal axis needs to be intact for both male and female reproductive partners trying to conceive.

Question 44

Vaginal pH is acidic and semen pH is basic. True or false.

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

Spinnbarkeit mucous at the cervical opening is an abnormal finding just prior to female ovulation. True or false.

Answer 45

False This type of raw egg white consistency mucous is an expected finding before ovulation. After ovulation, the cervical mucous thickens to a white paste-like consistency.