Inflammation #1

Question 1

Purpose of inflammation?

Answer 1

increase local bloodflow and vascular permeability

Question 2

Key Features of response to reestablish homeostasis?

Answer 2

Inflammation
Neutralization of injurious agents
Adaptive Immune Initiation
Healing/Regen

Question 3

Two bacteria mentioned that are almost always bested with innate?

Answer 3

Strep/Staph

Question 4

What are sentinel cells?

What do they do?

Answer 4

Resident tissue macrophages, mast cells that use pattern recognition receptors/TLRs to trigger inflammatory response.

Question 5

What does TLR4 bind?

Answer 5

Enterobacterial LPS

Question 6

She was very explicit about inflammation not just being about micrbials. Its also about…

Answer 6

Necrosis

Question 7

Inflamatory response occurs over…

Answer 7

Minutes to hours to days.

Question 8

Definition of inflammation

Answer 8

A localized reaction of living, vascularized tissue to injury

Question 9

Types of injury that might trigger inflam?

Answer 9

Infection
Trauma
Necrosis
Toxins

Question 10

Chemical mediators act to promote _____ and ______

Answer 10

Flow and permeability

Question 11

How do chemical mediators promote permeability?

Answer 11

Causing contraction of the vascular cell cytoskeleton to open spaces between cells.

Question 12

Cellular and Vascular Resposne – Who has to come first?

Answer 12

Vascular

Question 13

What do I mean by cellular response in inflammation?

Answer 13

Emigration of cells and delivery of blood components

They adhere and crawl

Question 14

First mediator of inflammation?

Answer 14

Histamine

Question 15

Why does your skin tend to turn red on super cold days?

Answer 15

Mast cells dislike cold.

Question 16

Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

Answer 16

Rubor - Redness
Tumor - Swelling
Calor - Heat
Dolor - Pain
Functio laesa -- Loss of Function

Question 17

Typical signs of an infection are the result of…

Answer 17

Inflammatory Response

Not the infection itself

Question 18

Describe the relationship of inflammatory mediators, endothelial cells, and migrating cells.

Answer 18

Resident cells produce infl. med.
Act on endo. cells causing vasodilation/permeability
Allow delivery of more effectors

Question 19

What does Axial Flow refer to?

Answer 19

Most resistance is at the vessel wall

Question 20

What activates tissue mast cells?

Answer 20

Trauma, Cold, Complement, IgE

Question 21

What activates tissue macrophages?

Answer 21

Presence of pathogens/tissue injury

TLRS

Question 22

Mast cells are replaced by _______

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

The less eloquent way she refers to mast cells

Answer 23

Bags of Histamine

there are also leukotrienes and chemotactic factors

Question 24

What do macrophages release to trigger endothelial cells?

Answer 24

IL-1, TNFa, IL6

Question 25

What do macrophages release to draw in Neutrophils?

Answer 25

IL-8 (CXCL8)

Question 26

Vascular dilation is caused by...

Answer 26

gaps in the endothelium from histamine activation

Question 27

What vessels are typically influenced in inflammation?

Answer 27

Post capillary venules

Question 28

Neutrophils arrive after ____ hours. Die after ______ hours.

Answer 28

12-24 | 24

Question 29

Name three types of migrating cells.

Answer 29

Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Question 30

Macrophages arrive after ____

Answer 30

24-72 Hours

Question 31

Lymphocytes arrive after _____

Answer 31

72 hours

Question 32

Neutrophils form ____ after their death

Answer 32

pus

Question 33

Why are macrophages more important for longer term inflam control?

Answer 33

Longer life than neutrophils

Question 34

Where are neutrophils from? What tends to happen to them after death?

Answer 34

Blood and BM Reserves | Engulfed and Degraded by macrophages

Question 35

Name for bacteria who elicit lots o' pus

Answer 35

Pyogenic Bacteria

Question 36

For a neutrophil to emigrate, what 4 things have to have happened

Answer 36

Endothelial Cell Activation Neutrophil Activation Signalling by chemotactic mediators Migration of neutrophils

Question 37

Two adhesion molecules necessary for neutrophil binding

Answer 37

Selectins bind cell surface carbs | Integrins bind Ig-like molecules

Question 38

Neutrophil Sialyl Lewis X binds...

Answer 38

P and E Selectin

Question 39

Neutrophil L Selectin binds...

Answer 39

Vascular Ahhressin

Question 40

Neutrophil LFA-1 binds...

Answer 40

ICAM-1

Question 41

Neutrophil weak adhesion is mediated by... | firm adhesion by...

Answer 41

Selectins | Integrins

Question 42

Chemokine important for tight binding of neutrophils?

Answer 42

IL-8

Question 43

How do PMNs migrate around inside a cell?

Answer 43

Binding fibronectin and matrix components

Question 44

List three triggers of neu. chemotaxis

Answer 44

Bacterial Products IL-8 Leukotriene B4

Question 45

Two types of phagocytosis killing?

Answer 45

``` Oxygen independent (digestive enzymes) Oxygen Dependent (Oxygen free radicals) ```

Question 46

Acid she pointed out as super dangerous from NADPH-dependent oxidases

Answer 46

Hyperchlorous acid

Question 47

Defective NADPH oxidase in...

Answer 47

Chronic Granulomatous Disease