Inflammation 1

Question 1

What are causes of inflammation?

Answer 1

Infection, necrosis, immune reaction, trauma, foreign bodies, and chemical/physical agents

Question 2

Is inflammation specific?

Answer 2

Hell no.

Question 3

Acute inflammation has a ______ onset and a _____ duration.

Answer 3

rapid, short.

Question 4

What are the 4 cardinal signals of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Heat, redness, pain, & swelling

Question 5

What are the 5 types of inflammation?

Answer 5

Purulent (AKA suppurative) = pus
Abscessing (necrotizing)
Fibrinous
Serous
Granulomatous 

Or any combo

Question 6

What are the 3 components to inflammation?

Answer 6

1: vascular response
2: leukocyte response
3: systemic response

Question 7

What is the vascular response’s function?

Answer 7

Dilation, increased permeability, which pushes fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes from the blood into the extracellular space.

Question 8

Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thin and acellular?

Answer 8

Transudate (serous)

Question 9

Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thick and protein rich?

Answer 9

Exudate (fibrinous) : rich in protein, cell debris, and cells.

Question 10

Purulent exudate is ____?

Answer 10

Pus

Question 11

Purulent exudate contents?

Answer 11

Neutrophils, microbes, and cellular debris.

Question 12

What do you do with pus? 2 things.

Answer 12

Recognize it. Then culture it.

Question 13

What are the 4 most common systemic effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 13

Fever
Tachycardia
hyperventilation
Leukocytosis

Question 14

With acute inflammation, several different proteins are upregulated while others are down played. Which one is particularly downregulated?

Answer 14

Albumin

Question 15

Typically, increased neutrophilia is cause by what kind of infection?

Answer 15

Bacterial

Question 16

Typically, increased lymphocytes is cause by what kind of infection?

Answer 16

Viral

Question 17

Typically, increased Eosinophils is cause by what kind of infection?

Answer 17

parasitic

Question 18

With severe acute inflammation, neutrophils develop unique features in their cytoplasm. They are? (2)

Answer 18

Dohl bodies: Sky blue patches which are ER

Toxic Granulations: associated with immature polys

Question 19

What is Sed rate?

Answer 19

Fibrinogen increased with inflammation makes RBC sticky which increases sed rate. It’s a measurement to test for inflammation/infection. However, poor sens/speci but cheap and used often.

Question 20

How does C-reactive protein help determine inflammation and infection?

Answer 20

CRP binds to bacteria and therefore proliferate with cytokine help. If infected with bacteria, 85-90% of the time, CRP levels will increase. ONLY BACTERIA!

Question 21

Systemic inflammation Response Syndrome (SIRS) has 4 qualifications. What are they and how many do you have to have in order to be Dx with SIRS.

Answer 21

Temp above or below: 100.4 (38)—(36) 96.8
Heart rate over 90
Resp rate over 20/min. OR pCO2 under 32mmhg
White blood over 12000 or under 4000 (or over 10% bands)

2 is considered SIRS

Question 22

Sepsis is?

Answer 22

SIRS due to infection

Question 23

Do you have to have a positive blood culture to have sepsis?

Answer 23

Absolutely not.

Question 24

What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 24

Duration
Cell type
Exudate vs angiogenesis and scar
Abscess vs granuloma

Question 25

What 2 of the four cardinal inflamm responses does vasodilation bring about?

Answer 25

Redness and heat.

Question 26

What brings swelling?

Answer 26

Vascular permeability.

Question 27

What at the different types of vascular permeability?

Answer 27

Endothelial contraction. Endothelial injury Mac-induced end injury (chemokine) Endothelial transcytosis. (VEGF)

Question 28

Endothelial contraction occurs immediately and continually. What mediates the immediate and chronic response?

Answer 28

Acute: histamine. Continuous: IL1 & TNF (think fever)

Question 29

What are the sialyl Lewis receptors for selectins?

Answer 29

Platelet and endothelial selectins.

Question 30

What are L selectins for?

Answer 30

Leukocytes. Neuts and monos.

Question 31

ICAM and VCAM are on what cell?

Answer 31

Endothelial.

Question 32

VLA, LFA, and MAC1 are on what cell?

Answer 32

Leukocytes!

Question 33

What actually pulls the cell through the membrane? Last step of diapedesis?

Answer 33

PECAM or CD31

Question 34

What up regulates the adhesion molecules?

Answer 34

TNFa | IL1

Question 35

What are the opsinin Ig?

Answer 35

IgM | IgG (1,3)

Question 36

What is CXC? CC?

Answer 36

Attract neutrophils. CC is everything else

Question 37

What's NO do?

Answer 37

Dilation. | Shock

Question 38

What are the different types of NO and what do they do?

Answer 38

eNO: endothelial for dilation iNO: macs for killing nNO: neurons

Question 39

What's TNFa do to the blood vessels?

Answer 39

Constrict.