Inflammation

Question 1

What do diseases which cause inflammation end in?

Answer 1

itis

Question 2

How does inflammation help stop infection: Delivery system?

Answer 2

Deliver effector molecules, drugs and cells to infection site or injury

Question 3

How does inflammation help stop infection: clotting

Answer 3

Induce local blood clotting

Question 4

How does inflammation help stop infection: immune response?

Answer 4

stimulate adaptive immune response

Question 5

How does inflammation help stop infection: repair?

Answer 5

Promote repair of injured tissue

Question 6

What injuries do the host respond to e.g. catagory?

Answer 6

Infection

Trauma/overuse

Exposure to noxious chemicals or allergens

Question 7

What are common signs of inflammation?

Answer 7

Redness

Swelling

Heat

Pain

Loss of function

Question 8

What is the initial sign of inflammation?

Answer 8

vasodilation and nitric oxide flow

Question 9

Where does nitric oxide flow and what does it do?

Answer 9

flow from arterioles into capillary beds close to the site of injury. This is responsible for the heat and redness

Question 10

What does vasodilation do to blood flow?

Answer 10

blood rate to slow

Question 11

What is margination?

Answer 11

Vasodilation causes blood rate to slow meaning the white blood cells can move towards the walls of the cell

Question 12

What happens after margination of white blood cells to endothelial walls?

Answer 12

Chemical signals are released causing changes to endothelial wall

Question 13

What do chemicals cause the cell wall to do?

Answer 13

causing them to contract and allow fluid into surrounding tissues causing swelling

Question 14

What surface proteins are increased in the endothelial cells by chemical signals caused by margination?

Answer 14

selectin and ICAM

Question 15

What does selectin bind to?

Answer 15

Selectins bind to glycoproteins on the surface of passingcells

Question 16

What does ICAM bind to?

Answer 16

ICAM binds to integrin which is expressed on leukocytes

Question 17

What does binding of selectin and ICAM do to leukocytes?

Answer 17

slowly roll along vessel wall as the binding is not strong

Question 18

What binds to leukocytes to change the structure of integrin on them?

Answer 18

Chemokines

Question 19

What does change of Integrin structure do to the leukocyte?

Answer 19

binds to ICAM strongly so stops rolling and flattens against cell wall

Question 20

How does the leukocyte get through the cell wall after flattening and what is this called?

Answer 20

extending pseudoposa through the gaps and pull themselves through into the extravascular space – this is diapedesis

Question 21

Once in the extravascular space how does the leukocytes get to the site of injury? (chemotaxis)

Answer 21

following a chemical gradient (C5A or the complement system)

Question 22

is C5A high at site of injury?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

What does the leukocyte do at the site of injury?

Answer 23

clears or prevents infection by releasing cytokines or phagocytosing material

Question 24

What is the key leukocyte here which acts through phagocytosis?

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Question 25

What are inducers of inflammation? list :(

Answer 25

Cell lysis, virulence factors (LPS, exotoxins ect.), PAMPS, cellular necrosis and release of intracellular contents, degradation of basement membrane loss of epithelial/endothelial integrity

Question 26

what does vasodilation lead to?

Answer 26

increased blood supply and increased vascular permeability (entry of plasma proteins)

Question 27

When does loss of function occur?

Answer 27

if inflammation is severe

Question 28

What are mast cells and what do they do?

Answer 28

release granulaes of inflammatory mediators

Question 29

What do mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) do?

Answer 29

Phagocytose and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 30

What so neutrophils do?

Answer 30

Phagocytes which release proteases

Question 31

What are main components of inflammatory response?

Answer 31

Fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells Platelets NK cells

Question 32

What are vasoactive inflammatory mediators?

Answer 32

Histamine, kinins

Question 33

What are lipid inflammatory mediators?

Answer 33

Eicosanoids - Leuko tire service and prostaglandins

Question 34

What are some protein inflammatory mediators?

Answer 34

Complement components and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8)

Question 35

How do mast cell’s activate and work?

Answer 35

IgE antibodies are inserted into the mast cells membrane and cross links of antibodies by antigens signal the release of inflammatory mediators.

Question 36

What activates mass cells?

Answer 36

C3a and C5a, cytokines or direct mechanical damage

Question 37

What do mast cells release?

Answer 37

TNF-alpha

Question 38

What does the TNF-alpha secreted by mast cells do?

Answer 38

Activate macrophages, increase proteins which triggers clotting, endothelial cells increase adhering surface, induce IL-8, induce contraction and gap formation making it more permeable

Question 39

What two molecules to mast cells secrete?

Answer 39

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 40

What enzyme converts prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?

Answer 40

COX1 and COX2

Question 41

What do prostaglandins do?

Answer 41

Increase body temp and cause vasodilation

Question 42

What molecule is a potent potentiators of the activity of histamine and kinins?

Answer 42

posteglandins

Question 43

What enzyme drives the formation of Leukotrienes from arachidonic acid?

Answer 43

5-lipo-oxygenase

Question 44

What do Leukotrienes do?

Answer 44

upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules on neutrophils, increase their toxic oxygen properties proliferation, cytokine release of macrophages, are chemotaxins factors for neutrophils and macrophages. 

Question 45

What do macrophages secrete?

Answer 45

TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1

Question 46

What is IL-8?

Answer 46

chemotaxis agent

Question 47

What does IL-1 and IL-6 help the macrophages do?

Answer 47

secrete IL-8 and upregulate cell adhesion molecules on the surface of the endothelial cells.

Question 48

What are kinins derived from?

Answer 48

precursors proteins

Question 49

what enzyme converts precursor proteins into kinins?

Answer 49

kallikrein

Question 50

what triggers kallikrein to convert?

Answer 50

clotting cascade and tissue damage

Question 51

What 2 molecules are made by Kallikrein from precursor protiens?

Answer 51

bradykinin and kalidin

Question 52

What do bradykinin and kalidin do?

Answer 52

increase vascular permeability, dilate venules and cause contraction on smooth muscles in airways

Question 53

What does bradykinn do specifically?

Answer 53

directly on pain nerve endings  

Question 54

What is ICAM1's ligand?

Answer 54

LFA-1

Question 55

What concentration gradient does neutrophils follow to the site of injury?

Answer 55

IL-8

Question 56

What three ways does pain develop?

Answer 56

Inflammatory mediators affect nocioceptors, Bradykinin and exudation of plasma increases tissue pressure.

Question 57

Why is it good you get a fever?

Answer 57

defenses work better, faster lymphocyte division, increases cell migration, inhibits microbial replication 

Question 58

What mediates the resolution of inflammation?

Answer 58

strict temporal and spatial synthesis 

Question 59

What is M1?

Answer 59

pro-inflammatory

Question 60

What is M2?

Answer 60

anti-inflammatory

Question 61

How do macrophages reduce actute inflammation?

Answer 61

they take on different phenotypes

Question 62

How do neutrophils resolve inflammation?

Answer 62

apoptose

Question 63

What are the sepcific molecules for resolution of inflammation?

Answer 63

lipoxins and resolvins

Question 64

what secretes lipoxins and resolvins?

Answer 64

macrophages, neutrophils and structural cells 

Question 65

what needs to be reduced in inflammation?

Answer 65

diapedesis, neutrophil chemotaxis, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and vascular permeability

Question 66

what does the resolution mediator TGF-beta do?

Answer 66

mediates wound healing, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis and deposition, remodelling of ECM.

Question 67

what is Efferocytosis?

Answer 67

Is the clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.

Question 68

What are the three signals neutraphils show?

Answer 68

find me - attract macrophages Kepp-out - deter other neutrophils Eat-me/do no eat-me - help phagocytes distinguish viable/apoptotic cells

Answer 69

genetic predisposition to developing these allergies  

Question 70

What does histamine secreted by mast cells