Inflammation

Question 1

a non-specific, defensive process of the body to tissue damage.

Answer 1

inflammation

Question 2

an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury

Answer 2

inflammation

Question 3

5 cardinal signs and symptoms:

Answer 3

a. redness (rubor)
b. pain (dolor)
c. heat (calor)
d. swelling (tumor)
e. loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 4

• prime symptom of inflammation

Answer 4

Pain (Dolor)

Question 5

• due to inflammation, joints and muscles might feel pain. In particular, the inflamed areas may
be sensitive to touch.

Answer 5

Pain (Dolor)

Question 6

due to inflammation,there is more blood flow to the area.

Answer 6

Heat (Calor)

Question 7

as the blood flow more to the inflamed area, the blood vessels of the area will be filled with more blood than normal. Due to which the inflamed area will appear red in the color.

Answer 7

Redness (Rubor)

Question 8

the primary cause of swelling is accumulated fluid in the tissues or outside the blood vessel

Answer 8

Swelling (tumor)

Question 9

the immobility may result from the pain that restrains movement or from severe swelling that keeps the movement in the area.

Answer 9

Loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 10

subdivide into two classes; microbial and non-microbial ______________.

Answer 10

Exogenous inducers

Question 11

• two classes of ________________.
  • pathogen-associated molecular patter ns (PAMPs) which are carried by all microorganisms
  • virulence factors- trigger the inflammatory response due to the effects of their activity.
  • Example: enzymatic activity produced by helminths and exotoxins produced by bacteria

Answer 11

Microbial inducers

Question 12

include allergens, toxic compounds, irritants, and foreign bodies that are too large to be digested or cause phagosomal damage in macrophages.

Answer 12

Non-Microbial

Question 13

signals released by tissues that are either dead,damaged, malfunctioned,orstressed.Twolargegroups- infectiousfactorsandthenon-infectiousfactors.

Answer 13

Endogenous inducers

Question 14

category includes bacteria,viruses, and other microorganisms.

Answer 14

Infectious factors

Question 15

due to physical injuries such as frostbite,burn, physical injury, foreign b o d i e s , t r a u m a , i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n , c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d s s u c h a s g l u c o s e , f a t t y a c i d s , t ox i n s , a l c o h o l , and chemical irritants such as nickel and other trace elements. There are also biological inducers, including signals released by damaged cells and physiological due to excitement.

Answer 15

Non-Infectious factors

Question 16

A variety of chemical mediators from circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue actively contribute to and adjust the inflammatory response include

Answer 16

(1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin,
(2) peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and
(3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).

Question 17

Mechanism of inflammation represents a chain of organized, dynamic responses including both cellular and vascular events with specific humoral secretions. These pathways involve changing physical location of white blood cells (monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils), plasma, and fluids at inflamed site. A group of secreted mediators and other signaling molecules are released by immune defense cells principally in the mechanism which can contribute in the event of inflammation

Answer 17

Mediators

Question 18

mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in blood release histamine.Neutrophils and macrophages attracted to the site of injury also stimulate the release of histamine, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

Answer 18

Histamine

Question 19

polypeptide formed from inactive kininogens, induce vasodilation and increased permeability and serve chemotactic agents for phagocytes.Eg.bradykinin

Answer 19

Kinins

Question 20

lipids especially those of the E series intensify the effects of histamine and kinins. Also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls.

Answer 20

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Question 21

produces by basophils and mast cells, caused increased permeability;function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents and attract pahgocytes.

Answer 21

Leukotrienes (LTs)

Question 22

stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, and promote phagocytosis;some components also destroy bacteria.

Answer 22

Complement

Question 23

• as inflammatory response continues, monocytes follow the neutrophils in infected areas.
• monocytes transforms into wandering macrophages, they are large enough to engulf damaged tissue, worn-out neutrophils, and invading microbes. Eventually, macrophages also die.
• after few days, pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue forms (pus). This will continue until the infection subsides.
• pus reaches the surface of the body or drains into an internal cavity and is dispersed.
• on other occasions the pus remains even after the infection is terminated. In this case, the pus is gradually destroyed over a period of days and is absorbed.

Answer 23

Body remove inflammation w/o drugs

Question 24

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen
• Corticosteroids (such as prednisone)
• Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine)
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs),
including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine.
• Biologic drugs such as abtacept, adalimumab,
certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab

Answer 24

Pharmacological Management

Question 25

• Home remedies
• Quit smoking
• Limit alcohol
• Keep a healthy weight
• Manage stress
• Get regular physical activity
• Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids,white willow bark,curcumin, green tea,
or capsaicin.Magnesium and vitamins B6,C, D, and E also have some anti-inflammatory effects. Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement.
• Surgery

Answer 25

Non- pharmacological management

Question 26

Redness

Answer 26

Rubor

Question 27

Pain

Answer 27

Dolor

Question 28

Heat

Answer 28

Calor

Question 29

swelling

Answer 29

tumor

Question 30

Loss of function

Answer 30

function laesa

Question 31

such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen

Answer 31

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 32

such as prednisone

Answer 32

Corticosteroids

Question 33

such as hydroxychloroquine

Answer 33

Antimalarial medications

Question 34

including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine.

Answer 34

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Question 35

such as abtacept, adalimumab,
certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab

Answer 35

Biologic drugs