INFLAMMATION

Question 1

— a non-specific, defensive process of the body to tissue damage.
— an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury

Answer 1

INFLAMMATION

Question 2

5 cardinal signs and symptoms:

Answer 2

a. redness (rubor)
b. pain (dolor)
c. heat (calor)
d. swelling (tumor)
e. loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 3

— prime symptom of inflammation
— due to inflammation, joints and muscles might feel pain. In particular, the inflamed areas may
be sensitive to touch.

Answer 3

Pain (Dolor)

Question 4

— due to inflammation, there is more blood flow to the area.

Answer 4

Heat(Calor)

Question 5

— as the blood flow more to the inflamed area, the blood vessels of the area will be filled with more blood than normal.
— Due to which the inflamed area will appearred in the color.

Answer 5

Redness(Rubor)

Question 6

the primary cause of swelling is accumulated fluid in the tissues or outside the blood vessel either in a particular area or throughout the body.

Answer 6

Swelling(tumor)

Question 7

the immobility may result from the pain that restrains movement or from severe swelling that keeps the movement in the area.

Answer 7

Loss of function(functiolaesa)

Question 8

TYPES OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 8

• acute
• chronic

Question 9

— harmful pathogens or tissue injury.
— rapid
— a few days
— inflammation improves, or an abscess develops or becomes chronic.

Answer 9

Acute

Question 10

— pathogens that the body cannot break drown, including some types of viruses, foreign bodies that remain in the system, or overactive immune responses.
— slow
— from months to years
— tissue death, thickening, and scarring of connective tissue

Answer 10

Chronic

Question 11

— subdivide into two classes; microbial and non-microbial exogenous inducers.

Answer 11

Exogenous inducers

Question 12

two classes of microbial inducers

Answer 12

• pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
• virulence factors

Question 13

which are carried by all microorganisms

Answer 13

pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)

Question 14

trigger the inflammatory response due to the effects of their activity.

Answer 14

virulence factors

Question 15

Example: enzymatic activity produced by helminths and exotoxins produced by bacteria

Answer 15

Microbial inducers

Question 16

___________ produced by helminths

Answer 16

enzymatic activity

Question 17

_________ produced by bacteria

Answer 17

exotoxins

Question 18

include allergens, toxic compounds, irritants, and foreign bodies that are too large to be digested or cause phagosomal damage in macrophages.

Answer 18

Non-Microbial

Question 19

— signals released by tissues that are either dead, damaged, malfunctioned, or stressed. Two large groups- infectious factors and the non-infectious factors.

Answer 19

Endogenous inducers

Question 20

category includes bacteria,viruses, and other microorganisms.

Answer 20

Infectious factors

Question 21

— due to physical injuries such as frostbite,burn, physical injury, foreign bodies, trauma, ionizing radiation, chemical compounds such as glucose, fatty acids, toxins, alcohol, and chemical irritants such as nickel and other trace elements.
— There are also biological inducers, including signals released by damaged cells and physiological due to excitement.

Answer 21

Non-Infectious factors

Question 22

A variety of chemical mediators from circulation system, inflammatory cells, and injured tissue actively contribute to and adjust the inflammatory response

Answer 22

Mediators

Question 23

(1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin,
(2) peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and
(3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).

Answer 23

Mediators

Question 24

vasoactive amines such as ____________

Answer 24

histamine and serotonin

Question 25

peptide

Answer 25

e.g., bradykinin

Question 26

eicosanoids

Answer 26

e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

Question 27

white blood cells

Answer 27

monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

Question 28

— mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and platelets in blood release histamine. Neutrophils and macrophages attracted to the site of injury also stimulate the release of histamine, which causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

Answer 28

Histamine

Question 29

— polypeptide formed from inactive kininogens, induce vasodilation and increased permeability and serve chemotactic agents for phagocytes. — Eg.bradykinin

Answer 29

Kinins

Question 30

— lipids especially those of the E series intensify the effects of histamine and kinins. Also stimulate the emigration of phagocytes through capillary walls.

Answer 30

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Question 31

— produces by basophils and mast cells, caused increased permeability;function in adherence of phagocytes to pathogens and as chemotactic agents and attract pahgocytes.

Answer 31

Leukotrienes (LTs)

Question 32

stimulate histamine release, attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, and promote phagocytosis; some components also destroy bacteria.

Answer 32

Complement

Question 33

— as inflammatory response continues, monocytes follow the neutrophils in infected areas. — monocytes transforms into wandering macrophages, they are large enough to engulf damaged tissue, worn-out neutrophils, and invading microbes. Eventually, macrophages also die. — after few days, pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue forms (pus). This will continue until the infection subsides. — pus reaches the surface of the body or drains into an internal cavity and is dispersed. — on other occasions the pus remains even after the infection is terminated. In this case, the pus is gradually destroyed over a period of days and is absorbed.

Answer 33

Body remove inflammation without drugs

Question 34

— Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen — Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) — Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine) — Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine. — Biologic drugs such as abtacept, adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab

Answer 34

Pharmacologic Management

Question 35

such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen

Answer 35

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 36

such as prednisone

Answer 36

Corticosteroids

Question 37

such as hydroxychloroquine

Answer 37

Antimalarial medications

Question 38

including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, methotrexate, and sulfasalazine

Answer 38

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

Question 39

such as abtacept, adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab, rituximab, and tocilizumab

Answer 39

Biologic drugs

Question 40

— Home remedies — Quit smoking — Limit alcohol — Keep a healthy weight — Managestress — Get regular physical activity — Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids,white willow bark,curcumin, green tea, or capsaicin. Magnesium and vitamins B6,C, D, and E also have some anti-inflammatory effects. Talk with your doctor before starting any supplement. — Surgery

Answer 40

Non- Pharmacologic Management