Inflammation Flashcards
(32 cards)
What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation?
- Pain
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
What is inflammation?
Immunologic defense against tissue injuries, infection or allergies
What are the steps in Acute Inflammatory Response?
- Tissue injury and the release of chemical mediators ( chemotaxis )
- Vasodilation
- Endothelial Cells activate
- “Walling off”
- Exudate formation
- Movement of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
- Release of chemical repair factors from activated endothelial cells.
Risk factors Populations are?
- Very young
- Very old
- Uninsured
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
( IBD )
-Chronic inflammation of the bowel within chronic or recurring immune response.
-Occurs due to an abnormal response to the body’s immune system
What are the 2 most common bowel diseases?
- Crohns Disease
- Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Colitis
Edema and inflammation primarily in the rectum and rectosigmoid colon
- Can involve the entire colon
- Hyperemic: Increased blood flow in the mucosa and submucosa
- Abscess formation
- Causes increased WBC
Edema and thickened bowel mucosa leads to:
-Poor absorption of Vit B12 ( pernnicious anemia )
-Partial bowel obstruction
Noticing / Assessment UC
- Abdominal pain and cramping: LLQ
- Anorexia and weight loss
- Fever
- Diarrhea: 15-20 liquid stools daily
- Stool contains blood and mucus
- Abdominal distension, tenderness, firmness upon palpation
- High pitched bowel sounds
- Rectal bleeding
Risk factors for UC
- Family history
- Caucasian, Jewish
- Diagnosed as adolescent
- Higher chance in females
Lab Diagnostics for UC
- K+, Na, Mg, Ca, Cl = DECREASED ( diarrhea )
- H/H = DECREASED ( blood in stool )
- CRP = INCREASED ( inflammation )
- ESR = INCREASED ( inflammation )
- Albumin = DECREASED
Diagnostics Testing for UC
- Magnetic resonance Enterography
- Colonoscopy
- CT skan / MRI
- Barium enema
Plan / Intervention UC
NonSurgical: Monitor for electro imbalance, weight 1-2 times weekly, NPO
***Med: Sulfonamides, Gluccocorticoids, Antidiarrheals, Immunomodulators
Diet: Vit B12 supplement, iron, high protein, high calorie, low fiber diet
Surgical Intervention for UC
Colectomy: With / without ileostomy
- Emergent for toxic megacolon or bowel perforation
Exacerbation of UC, what complications will the nurse assess?
- Increased BUN ( fluid deficit )
- Hypokalemia ( diarrhea )
- Leukocyotsis ( high WBC )
- Anemia ( rectal bleeding, b12 )
- Hyponatremia ( diarrhea, low fluid )
Crohns Disease
Inflammation and ulceration of the GI tract, often at the distal ileum
- Malabsoprtion of B12
- Fistula’s are common!
Risk factors for Crohns
- Family history
- Jewish
- Tobacco
Assessment for Crohns
- Unintentional weight loss
- Abdominal pain: RLQ
- Diarrhea: 5 stools a day w mucus or pus ( blood is less common )
- Abdominal Distension
- Low grade fever
- High pitched bowel sounds
Lab Diagnostics for Crohns
- H/H = LOW
- Folic acid = LOW
- B12 = LOW
- K+, Mg, Ca+ = DECREASED
- Albumin = DECREASED
- CRP = ELEVATED
- ESR = ELEVATED
- WBC = ELEVATED
Diagnostics Testing for Crohns
- MRE
- Endoscopy
- GI bleeding scan
Interventions for Crohns
Meds: Antidiarrheals, Sulfanimides, Corticosteroids, Immunosupressants, Immunodulators
Nutrtion: Supplements ( B12 ) , low fiber, high calorie
Surgical: Fistula, but not as effective as UC
Complications of Crohns and UC
- GI bleed
- Fluid and electro imbalances
- Abscess formation
- Fistulas ( Crohns )
- Peritonitis
- Toxic megacolon: Overuse of diarrheals, high perforation, NG suction, F/E imbalances
Nursing Action:
Administer blood/ blood products via large bore IV catheter
For GI bleeding
Nursing Action:
Observe stool for undigested food / undissolved meds
For Malabsorption
