Inflammation

Question 0

What are the two types of inflammatory mediators exist?

Answer 0

Plasma inflammatory mediators

Cell derived

Question 1

What cells are located inside the lymph nodes?

Answer 1

Naive b and T cells

Question 2

Where are the plasma derived inflammatory mediators found?

Answer 2

Within the plasma circulating in the blood vessels

Question 3

Where are the plasma derived inflammatory mediators produced?

Answer 3

In the liver

Question 4

What are the two types of plasma inflammatory mediators?

Answer 4

Complement and kinins

Question 5

What is the name for dendritic cells within the skin?

Answer 5

Largerhans cells

Question 6

Which cells in the skin cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability following an infection? And what product is released from this cells?

Answer 6

Mast cells

Histamine

Question 7

What happens to the endothelial cells lining the blood vessel during inflammation?

Answer 7

They contract which allows blood products to escape and enter the tissue which is inflamed

Question 8

What is the process of migration of the blood cells into the inflamed tissue site?

Answer 8

Diapedesis

Question 9

What molecules of macrophages release?

Answer 9

Cytokines

Question 10

Which cytokines are important in inflammation?

Answer 10

TNF alpha and IL-1

Question 11

What is the role of TNF-alpha and IL-1?

Answer 11

Local: inflammation and tissue repair via activating fibroblasts
Systemic: leukocytosis (accumalation of white blood cells in blood vessels) and fever

Question 12

What is the difference between macrophage and monocytes?

Answer 12

Monocytes are white blood cells in blood vessels

Macrophages are monocytes in the tissue

Question 13

What are examples of cell derived inflammatory mediators?

Answer 13

Cytokines and histamine

Question 14

What are ecasinoids?

Answer 14

They are made from phospholipid precursors which is arachadonic acid. They are inflamm mediators

Question 15

What is arachadonic acid?

Answer 15

20 carbon fatty acids with four double bonds

Question 16

How does arachidonic acid make ecasinoids?

Answer 16

Two main pathways via COX enzyme or Lipoxeganse enzyme

Question 17

What happens if arachidonic acid is broken down by lipoxygenases?

Answer 17

Leukotrienes are formed

Question 18

What happens if arachidonic acid is broken down via COX enzyme?

Answer 18

Thrombaxanes and prostaglandins are formed

Question 19

What are the three types of ecasinoids?

Answer 19

Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes

Question 20

What is the membrane of our cells made from?

Answer 20

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 21

What is the function of the phospholipids in inflammation?

Answer 21

Phospholipids is converted by an enzyme Phosphlipase A2 into arachidonic acid and lyso paf which is a precursor for platelet activation factor

Question 22

What is the effect of adrenal glands on inflammation?

Answer 22

They secrete glucocorticoids which causes the level to rise in the body. This is then converted to lipcortin which inhibits the actions of phospholipase A2 therefore less arachidonic acid is produced.

Question 23

From what and why are thromboxanes formed?

Answer 23

They are formed from the Prostaglandin H2 which is an unstable molecule thus quickly broken down via thromboxane A2 synthase

Question 24

What is the purpose of TXA2?

Answer 24

Platelet aggregation
Vasoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction

Question 25

Which type of ecasinoids do platelets mainly make?

Answer 25

Thromboxane A2

Question 26

What is the main function of prostaglandins?

Answer 26

Vasodilation
Hyperalgesic
Pro-inflammatory

Question 27

How many types of COX enzymes are there?

Answer 27

At least 3 but only 2 understood

Question 28

What is the function of COX 1?

Answer 28

It is constitutive (always functioning)

Question 29

What is the function of COX-2?

Answer 29

It is inductive Pro-inflammatory

Question 30

Which lipoxygenase breaks down arachidonic acid to produce leukotriene?

Answer 30

5-lipoxygenase