Inflammation

Question 1

Goal of Inflammation

Answer 1

(inflammatory) cells, plasma proteins, fluid leave blood vessel to interstital space

Question 2

Characteristics of acute inflammation (2)

Answer 2

Edema and neutrophils

Question 3

TLR - toll like receptors

Answer 3

Innate immunity -> PAMP (CD14 - LPS gram neg bact)

Adaptive - mediate chronic inflammation

Question 4

which PG - Mediate vasodilation, increase vascular permeability

Answer 4

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2

Question 5

Mediator for pain

Answer 5

Bradykinin, PGE2

Question 6

Whichs leukotrienes mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increase vascular permeability

Answer 6

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 7

What attracts neutrophils

Answer 7

LTB4, IL 8, C5a, bacterial toxin

Question 8

Mast Cells activated by ___, ___, ___

Answer 8

tissue trauma, complement proteins C3a C5a, corsslinking IgE by antigen

Question 9

Mast cell –> histamine –> fcn: ____, _____

Answer 9

vasodilation of arterioles, increase vascular permeability (post cap venules)

Question 10

Complement activation pathways

Answer 10

Classical
Alternative
Mannose binding lectin

Question 11

Goals of complement pathways

Answer 11

Production of C3 convertase (C3 to C3a/b) which makes C5 covertase. C5b complex with C6-9 - membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 12

Classical pathway - complement

Answer 12

C1 binds IgG (2 or more near each other) or IgM

Question 13

Alternative pathway - complement

Answer 13

Microbial product –> activate complement

Question 14

Mannose binding lectin pathway - complement

Answer 14

MBL binds to mannose on microorganism –> activate complement

Question 15

Hageman factor

Answer 15

Factor XII

Question 16

Factor XII actions:

Answer 16

Coagulation/fibrinolytic systems
Complement
Kinin system - kinin cleaves HMWK –> Bradykinnin –> vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, pain

Question 17

Fever

Answer 17

Pryogen –> macrophage –> IL1 + TNF –> COX in perivascular cells of hypothalmus –> raise set temp

Question 18

Neutrophil steps

Answer 18

Margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration/chemotaxis, phagocytosis

Question 19

PMN rolling

Answer 19

Weibel patade bodies - (P selectin + von willebran factor) - mediated by histamine
E selectin - induced by TNF/IL1

Question 20

Selectins bind _________ on leukocytes

Answer 20

Sialyl Lewis X

Question 21

Cellular adhesion molecules upregulated by ___, ___

Answer 21

TNF, IL1

Question 22

Integrins (on PMN) up regulated by ___, ___

Answer 22

C5a, LTB4

Question 23

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency due to AR defect in ______

Answer 23

Integrins (CD18 subunit)

Question 24

Clinical feature of leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Answer 24

Delayed separation of umbilical corde
increased circulating neutrophils
Lack pus

Question 25

Opsonins

Answer 25

IgG, C3b

Question 26

Chediak Higashi Syndrome

Answer 26

protein trafficking defect (AR) - microtubules | Increase infection, neutropenia, giant granules, defective hemostasis, albinism, peripheral neuropathy

Question 27

Formation of bleach from O2

Answer 27

O2 --> (NADPH oxidase) --> O2- /supersoxide --> (superoxide dismutase SOD) -> H2O2 --> (Myeloperoxidase) --> HOCl

Question 28

Chronic granulomatous disease

Answer 28

Poor O2 dependent killing (NADPH oxidase defect) - NBT test - turns blue if ok MPO deficiency - NBT is colorless

Question 29

Macrophage kills by _________

Answer 29

O2 - independent pathways - lysozymes

Question 30

Job of macrophage

Answer 30

resolution and healing - IL10, TFG beta Continue acute inflammation - IL8 Abscess - acute inflammation surrounded by fibrosis - Mediates fibrosis - fibrogenic growth factors/cytokines Chonric inflammation - Presents antigen --> CD4 T helpers

Question 31

Helper CD__; MHC class ___

Answer 31

4; II

Question 32

Cytotoxic CD __; MHC Class __

Answer 32

8; I

Question 33

T helper cell activation

Answer 33

Binding antigen/MHC + 2nd signal (B7 APC --> CD28)

Question 34

Th1 secrets

Answer 34

IL2 IFNY

Question 35

Th2 secrets

Answer 35

``` IL4 (class switch to igG and IgE) IL5 (eosinophil chemotaxis, switch to IgA) IL 10 - inhibits Th1 phenotype ```

Question 36

CTL activation

Answer 36

``` MHC class I/antigen IL2 from CD4 Th1 ```

Question 37

Apoptosis methods (3)

Answer 37

Intrinsic - mitochondria cytochrome C - cas9 Extrinic receptor - FasL-Fas, TNF - Cas8 CD8 (CTL) - Granzyme (Perfornin create pores, so grandzymes can enter)

Question 38

Naive B cell surface

Answer 38

IgM and IgD

Question 39

Antigen binding --> maturation to _____

Answer 39

IgM or IgD secreting plasma cells

Question 40

Granulomatosous inflammation

Answer 40

Subtype of chronic inflammation | Epithelioid histiocytes, giant cells, lymphocytes

Question 41

Caseating granulomas traits and for _____ and _____

Answer 41

``` Central necrosis For TB (AFB stains) and fungal(GMS stains) infections ```

Question 42

Noncaseating granulomas - cause

Answer 42

lack central necrosis | Foreign material, sarcoidosis, Be exposure, Crohns disease, cat scratch disedase

Question 43

Granuloma formation

Answer 43

Macrophage --> IL 12 --> CD4 --> T cell to Th1 cell --> IFN Y --> macrophage --> epithiloid histocyte and giant cells