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Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

List of cells and molecules involved in inflammation

A

Leukocytes
Endothelial cells
Cells and extracellular matrix of the surrounding tissue
Plasma proteins

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2
Q

List of cells that releases plasma proteins

A

Platelets
Endothelial cella
Inflammatory cells

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3
Q

Types of inflammatory

A

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

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4
Q

It is rapid onset, characterized by exudation of fluid and protein from vessels and emigration of neutrophils. It only last for minutes to days.

A

Acute inflammation

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5
Q

Longer time course. It involves different cell types. Tissue repair coexist with tissue destruction

A

Chronic inflammation

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6
Q

What are the different cell types involve in Chronic Inflammation?

A

Lymphocyte and Macrophage

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7
Q

5 signs/symptoms of inflammation

A 
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Redness
Loss of function
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8
Q

Causes of Acute inflammation

A 
Infection
Trauma
Physical and Chemical agents
Necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
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9
Q

Stages of Acute Inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increase vascular permeability
  3. Movement of the WBC from the blood vessel into soft tissue at the site of inflammation
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10
Q

Occurs through the release of mediators from cell

A

Vasodilation

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11
Q

What cells releases Histamine

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Platelets

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12
Q

What are the three mediators that are released that causes Vasodilation

A

Histamine
Prostaglandin
Nitric Oxide

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13
Q

Mediator that is responsible for pain/fever

A

Prostaglandin

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14
Q

True or False: Vasodilation decreases the hydrostatic pressure by slowing of blood flow

A

False

*increases

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15
Q

Allows fluid to cross the interstitial tissue. Is it when retraction of endothelial cells happen.

A

Increase vascular permeablity

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16
Q

3 steps: Movement of the WBC from the blood vessel into soft tissue at the site of inflammation

A

▪️Rolling
▪️Pavementing
▪️Transmigration

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17
Q

Loose, intermittent contact of WBC. Margination of WBC from stasis of blood

A

Rolling

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18
Q

Tight, constant contact of WBC with endothelium

A

Pavementing

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19
Q

WBC crossing through the endothelial layer

A

Transmigration

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20
Q

Process by which WBC are drawn to the site of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

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21
Q

Mediators involved,in increase vascular permeability

A

Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4

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22
Q

Mediators involved in the movement of WBC

A

Exogenous- bacterial polysaccharide

Endogenous- C5a, leukotriene B4 and Interlukin-8 (IL-8)

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23
Q

True or False: The role of the leukocyte is to recognize foreign particles through scavenger receptors

A

True

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24
Q

Particles that bind to foreign material and signal leukocytes to remove it

A

Opsonins

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25
Types of Opsonins
IgG C3b Collectins
26
Recognize by Fc receptor of WBC
IgG
27
Recognize by Cr 1,2,3 on leukocyte
C3b
28
Recognize by C2g on leukocyte
Collectins
29
Mildest form of Acute Inflammation. Its appearance is relatively clear, watery. Content of fluid, few cells mostly fluid
Serous
30
Protein-poor fluid, seen in viral infection and burn
Transudate
31
What is the specific gravity of Transudate?
32
Its appearance is finely particulate, thick fluid. Content much more protein and cells than serous
Fibrinous
33
Protein-rich fluid. Seen in uremic and post MI strep throat, pneumonia, pericarditis
Exudate
34
What is the specific gravity of Exudate
>1.020
35
Inflammation that is seen in bacterial and fungal infection. Its appearance is pus-thick, white yellow fluid. The fluid contains neutrophils,protein, necrotic cells and bacteria.
Purulent inflammation
36
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
Resolution (recovery) Inciting agent is removed All damage cells is repaired The organ must be capable of regeneration
37
Walled of collection of pus
Abscess
38
Loss of mucosa and deeper tissues
Ulcer
39
Only the mucosa is lost
Erosion
40
What is the common site for ulcer
GIT (stomach/duodenum)
41
Layers of Ulcer
Fibrin Neutrophils Granulation tissue Fibrosis
42
Anomalous patent connection between 2 organs
Fistula (Tunnel)
43
Complications of ulcer
Pain Hemorrhage Perforation
44
Complications of Fistula
Infection can enter other organs | Massive hemorrhage
45
Replacement of lost parenchyma with disorganized connective tissue
Scar formation
46
Prolonged inflammation consisting of active inflammation and tissue repair and destruction
Chronic inflammation
47
Causes of Chronic inflammation
Viral Autoimmune dysfunction Prolonged exposure to infection Persistent microbial infection
48
Cells involved in Chronic inflammation
Macrophage | Lymphocytes
49
Collection of epitheloid histiocytes and collection of activated macrophage
Granulomatous Inflammation
50
Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation
``` Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fungi such as Histoplasma capsulation and Biastomyces dermatitidis Foreign material Sarcoidosis Silica ```
51
Involves regeneration of the parenchyma or replacement of damages tissue with a scar if regeneration is not possible
Repair
52
Regeneration of cells combined with scarring and fibrosis
Healing
53
Components of healing
- Induction of inflammatory process - Formation of new blood vessels - Production of extracellular matrix - tissue remodeling - wound contacture - increasing wound strength
54
Inflammatory process
- acts to contain damage - removing infecting substance - remove dead tissue - start deposition of extracellular matrix
55
4 processes of replacement by scar
- formation of new blood vessels - migration and proliferation of fibroblasts - deposition of extracellular matrix - maturation and recognization of tissue/fibers
56
Type of healing if wound has clean edges, close reapproximation of margins and minimal tissue disruption
Healing by first intention
57
Type of healing if wound has unclean edges, extensive tissue disruption and tissue necrosis
Healing by second intention
58
2 factors that may impair the process of wound healing
General factors | Mechanical factors
59
General factors such as:
Infection Nutritional deficiency Glucocorticoid therapy Result in decrease fibrosis
60
Mechanical factors such as:
Deniscence | Poor perfusion
61
Unintentional reopening of the wound due to pressure or torsion
Deniscence
62
Decrease amount of blood available for healing
Poor perfusion
63
Protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury.
Inflammation

HistoPath (4 decks)

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