Inflammation Flashcards

Question

Transudate

Answer 1

Fluid that leaks out of leaky vessels at site of inflammation Has lots of proteins and few blood cells

Answer 2

Formed by emigration of cells across vascular walls More protein that transudate Contains inflammatory cells

Answer 3

``` Also called polymorphonuclear cells Most abundant WBC Involved in acute inflammation Mobile, phagocytic, acute mediator, involved in pain Short life spane ```

Answer 4

Big phagocytic cell | Turns into macrophage in tissue

Answer 5

Involved in chronic inflammation (last longer in blood) | Allergies and parasitic infections

Answer 6

Contain similar molecules to eosinophils Store and release histamine IgE mediated allergies Works similarly to mast cells but in blood

Answer 7

B, T, NK cells | Involved in cellular immunityy

Answer 8

Fragments of megakaryocytes No nucleus Granules with mediators Form primary plug in clotting

Answer 9

Duration Etiology Location Morphology/pathological characteristics

Answer 10

Acute: sudden onset, duration of hours to days Chronic: duration of weeks to years

Answer 11

Primary: no acute phase Secondary: follows an acute phase (usually this way)

Answer 12

Mild inflammation Exudation of serum (liquid part of blood, lots of proteins) Typical of many viral infections Can also be found in autoimmune diseases affecting the serosa Joint swelling can be due to physical trauma Blisters can be due to thermal injury Serous fluid is usually reabsorbed and lesions heal without permanent consequences

Answer 13

Exudate is rich in fibrin (large protein) Causes larger defects - severe inflammation! Ex: strep throat, bacterial pneumonia, bacterial pericarditis Resolution, not reabsorption. Requires reorganization (new blood vessels, ingrowth of fibroblasts, obliteration of tissue space)

Answer 14

Involves formation of pus Also rich in fibrin (fibropurulent) Pus can accumulate on or within tissue/organ

Answer 15

A viscous yellow fluid | Made of dead/dying neutrophils and necrotic tissue

Answer 16

Streptococci | Staphylococci

Answer 17

When an abscess in a solid tissue comes into contact (communicates) with open air

Answer 18

A hollow space comes into contact with another hollow organ or the outside air Ex: bladder to colon, or colon to air

Answer 19

Accumulation of pus in a preformed cavity | Ex: pleural cavity, gallbladder, etc

Answer 20

Ulceration is the loss of epithelial lining of a body surface or mucosa Ulcers may extend into deeper connective tissue

Answer 21

Ulcerative inflammation combined with fibropurulent exudation Exudate forms a pseudomembrane on the surface of ulcers If pseudomembrane is scraped away, ulcer can bleed badly C dificile can cause this, or diptheria

Answer 22

Defined by duration Exudate contains lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells Stimulate fibroblast proliferation, recruit new inflammatory cells Loss of parenchymal cells and scarring occurs Scarring may affect tissue/organ function

Answer 23

Granulomas are destructive accumulations of cells that form nodules (of lymphocutes, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells) T cells accumulate and secrete cytokines, which attract macrophages Infectious granulomas - caseous necrosis

Answer 24

In the center of the granuloma the tissue dies | Looks kind of cottage cheese

Answer 25

``` Mechanical (barriers like the skin, pH differences in our body, mucus in linings) Phagocytosis (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils – can recognize complement opsonized pathogens) NK cells (don’t need to see antigen – always ready to kill a cell – if a cell is expressing enough self proteins then they won’t kill) Protective proteins (have a lot of functions) ```

Answer 26

Inflammation Combating viral infections Mounting a general response to damaged cell products

Answer 27

Antigen: any substance that binds specifically to antigen receptors Immunogen: any substance that elicits an immune response

Answer 28

Lysis of cells Agglutination Recruitment of inflammatory cells

Answer 29

Complement fixation | Neutralization

Answer 30

Opsonization Can fix complement Transported across placenta

Answer 31

Found in body secretions and at mucosal sites | Neutralization

Answer 32

E: Allergy D: Activation of B cells

Answer 33

Type I: Anaphylactic or atopic reaction Type II: Cytotoxic antibody-mediated reaction Type III: Immune complex-mediated reaction Type IV: Cell-mediated or delayed type reaction

Answer 34

Anaphylactic or atopic reaction Mediated by IgE and mast cells or basophils Examples: hay fever, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock

Answer 35

Cytotoxic antibody-mediated reaction | Ex: erythroblastosis fetalis, transfusion reactions, Graves disease, Goodpasture syndrome, Myasthenia gravis

Answer 36

Type 2 hypersensitivity Hyperthyroidism caused by autoantibodies to the TSH receptor on follicular cells of the thyroid Antibodies cause overproduction of thyroid hormones

Answer 37

Type 2 hypersensitivity Antibodies to receptors for acetylcholine on surface of striated muscle cells Muscle contraction is blocked Progressive muscle weakness and paralysis

Answer 38

Type 2 hypersensitivity Antibodies to collagen type IV activate complement and attract neutrophils that contribute to the damage and rupture the glomerular basement membrane In the kidney

Answer 39

Immune complex-mediated Systemic: immune complexes are in circulation Local: immune complexes are formed in tissue Examples: serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, post-strep GN, polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 40

Type 3 hypersensitivity Immune complexes form during antigen excess, and are deposited in tissue Tissue legions caused by activated complement and leukocytes attracted to immune complexes

Answer 41

Type 3 hypersensitivity Immune complexes formed of antibodies and autoantigens Deposited in tissues, causing kidney disease, arthritis, skin disease, etc

Answer 42

Type 3 hypersensitivity Acute kidney disease after strep throat Antibodies react with soluble streptococcal antibodies “planted” onto glomerular basement membranes during filtration Or, form immune complexes in circulation and deposit in in glomerular basement membrane Complement-mediated inflammatory response

Answer 43

Type 3 hypersensitivity Antigen-antibody complexes precipitate, usually in vessel wall Complement is activated, which attracts white blood cells Localized acute inflammatory response occurs, characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall Damaged vessels tend to thrombose and become occluded, causing tissue ischemia and infarcts

Answer 44

Cell-mediated or Delayed type Involves T cells and macrophages, which typically form granulomas at the site of injury Antigen is taken up by macrophages and presented to T cells, which become activated and produce IFN-γ Infections (M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, fungi), tumors, idiopathic (e.g., sarcoidosis)

Answer 45

Recruits more macrophages, turns them into epithelioid macrophages, activates them, makes them fuse into giant multinucleated cells

Answer 46

Grafted tissue comes from the recipient Grafted tissue comes from someone else Grafted tissue comes from another species

Inflammation Flashcards

(70 cards)