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Inflammation Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the causes of acute inflammation?

A

Microbial infections

Hypersensitivity reactions

Physical and chemical agents

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2
Q

How do you recognise acute inflammation?

A

Red- dilation of blood vessels

Hot- increased blood flow

Swollen- mainly due to oedema

Painful- stimulation of nerve endings by pressure and chemical mediators

Loss of function

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3
Q

What are the two initial reaction phase of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular and exudative phase

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4
Q

What happens in the vascular phase?

A

Dilation and increased permeability

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5
Q

What happens in the exudative phase?

A

Fluid and cells escape from permeable venules

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6
Q

What is the characteristic cell of acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil polymorph

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7
Q

What happens to capillary sphincters during inflammation?

A

They relax allowing a greater blood flow into the capiilaries

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8
Q

What happens to the plasma proteins in inflammation?

A

Net flow out of the blood

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9
Q

What are the features of the exudate phase?

A

High protein content (immunoglobins,)

Fibrinogen- fibrin (acutely inflamed organ surfaces covered by fibrin)

High turnover, continuously removed via lymphatics

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10
Q

What is transudate in respect to the exudate phase?

A

The normal state the body is in.

No net flow out, normal vascular permeability, low protein content

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11
Q

What is increased vascular permeability?

A

Produced by chemical mediators (histamine, bradykinin)

Involves stimulation of endothelial cell

Only in post capillary venules

Through transient, intercellular gaps

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12
Q

What happens to the lymphatic system in acute inflammation?

A

Lymphatics dilate, drain fluid from exudate, antigens carried to lymph nodes- recognised by lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Kills organisms, degrade necrotic tissue, ingest offending agents, produce chemical mediators, produce toxic oxygen radicals, produce tissue damaging enzymes

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14
Q

What is transmigration?

A

Cells adhere to the vessel walls, squeeze through the endothelial walls into the tissue

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The process neutrophils use to find antigens. The receptors are filled as the neutrophil moves along the concentration gradient

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16
Q

What are the 4 enzymatic cascade systems that plasma contain?

A

Complement system, the kinins, the coagulation factors, fibrinolytic system

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17
Q

How do neutrophils do their function?

A

Movement, recognition of and adhesion to micro-organisms, phagocytosis, intracellular killing of micro-organisms

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18
Q

Why are neutrophils filled with pre-made granules?

A

So toxic agents can be released in minutes

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19
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The cell taking thing inside to destroy them

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20
Q

What is opsoniation?

A

Opsonins coating receptors on leucocytes and greatly enhancing phagocytosis

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21
Q

Some examples of major opsonins?

A

Fc fragment of IgG

C3b

Collectins- plasma proteins that bind to micrbial cell walls

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22
Q

Examples of acute inflammation

A

Serous- protein rich fluid exudate

Catarrhal- mucus hypersecretion

Fibrinous-exudate contains plentiful fibrin

Haemorrhagic- severe vascular injury

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23
Q

Explain the suppuration type of inflammation

A

Formation of pus-neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris

Nearly always caused by an infective agent

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24
Q

What is in abscess?

A

A collection of pus surrounded by a membrane of sprouting capillaries, neutrophils and fibroplasts

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25
Where may deep seated abscesses drain?
Along a sinus tract or fistula
26
Describe ulceration as a form of inflammation
A local defect or excavation which has been produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
27
What are the beneficial effects of acute inflammation?
Dilution of toxins Entry of antibodies Fibrin formation Transport of drugs Delivery of nutrients and oxygen Stimulation of the immune response
28
What are the harmful effects of acute inflammation?
Digestion of normal tissues Swelling Inappropriate inflammatory response
29
What is type 1 hypersensitivity?
The classic allergic response. Mast cells release large amounts of histamines through degranulation
30
What is pyrexia?
An increase of temperature due acute inflammation
31
What are some constitutional symptoms of acute inflammation?
Malaise, anorexia and nausea
32
What are the haematological changes of acute inflammation?
Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate Anaemia Leukocytosis
33
What is fibrosis?
The thickening and scarring of connective tissue
34
What factors favour resolution?
Minimal cell death and tissue damage Regenerative tissue Rapid destruction of the agent Rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular drainage
35
What is the end result of organisation?
Replacement of destroyed tissue by granulation tissue
36
What factors favour organisation?
Large amounts of fibrin Substantial necrosis Exudate and debris cannot be removed
37
What is a classic example of granulation tissue?
Capillary loops and macrophages
38
In granulating tissue what is the inflammatory exudate replaced by?
Capillaries, macrophages, fibroblasts and collagen
39
What is granulation tissue regulated by?
Growth factors, TNF, EGF, FGF
40
What is TB and Leprosy and example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by resistence of infective agent to phagocytosis and intracelullar killing
41
What is chronic tophaceous gout with crippling gouty arthritis an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by foreign body reactions to endogenous materials
42
What is asbestos an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by foreign body reactions to exogenous materials
43
What rheumatoid arthritis an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by an autoimmune disease
44
What is ulcerative colits an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by specific diseases of unknown aetiology
45
What is sarcoidosis an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation caused by granulomatous
46
What factors favour progression from acute to chronic inflammation?
Indigestible substances Deep seated suppurative inflammation where drainage is delayed or inadequate Recurrent episodes of acute inflammation and healing
47
What is osteomyelitis?
A chronic abcess which is extremely difficult to eradicate
48
What is chronic cholecystitis?
Replacement of wall by fibrous tissue , lymphocytes rather than neutrophils predominate
49
What does chronic inflammation look like?
Chronic ulcers, chronic abscesses, thickening of the wall of a hollow viscus, granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis
50
How do you identify a chronic ulcer?
Mucosa breached, base lined by granulation tissue and punched through other tissue layers
51
What cells are more common in chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, multinucleate giant cells
52
What are macrophages?
Phagocytic capabilites Can harbour viable organisms resistant to lysosmal enzymes Produce a range cytokines
53
What is a granuloma?
An aggregate of epitheloid macrophages
54
What is a histiocyte?
Macrophage in connective tissue
55
What causes granulomatous disease?
Specific infections, foreign bodies, specific chemicals, drugs
56
Exudate vs transudate?
High protein content from increased vasc perm vs low protein from normal vasc perm
57
Acute vs chronic inflammation
Distinguished by dynamics and character process
58
What is granulation?
Important healing process with small blood vessels and connective tissue
59
What is fibrin?
Deposited in acute inflammation
60
What is "fibrous"?
Typical scar tissue with collagen

Physiology (6 decks)

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