Inflammation

Question 1

What are the causes of inflamation

Answer 1

tissue necrosis, infections, immune reactions, foreign bodies

Question 2

What is inflammation

Answer 2

protective innate response to infection or damage

Question 3

What are the main features of inflammation

Answer 3

vascular reaction and cellular response

Question 4

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 4

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 5

What are the mediators of inflammatory response

Answer 5

vasoactive amines, lipid products, cytokines & products of the complement system

Question 6

example of vasoactive amine

Answer 6

histamine

Question 7

example of lipid products

Answer 7

prostaglandins

Question 8

What are lipid mediators

Answer 8

arachidonic acid metabolites - building block for prostaglandins

Question 9

What is the function of lipid mediators

Answer 9

regulate vasculature

Question 10

Examples of lipid mediators

Answer 10

prostacyclin, thromboxane, leukotrienes, 5-Hete

Question 11

What is the function of prostacyclin

Answer 11

cause vasodilation, prevent blood clotting

Question 12

What is the function of thromboxane

Answer 12

cause vasoconstriction, helps blood clotting

Question 13

What is the function of 5-Hete

Answer 13

attract neutrophils

Question 14

What is the function of leukotrienes

Answer 14

cause bronchospasm - important in asthma

Question 15

What are the two types of protein mediators

Answer 15

cytokines and chemokines

Question 16

What are cytokines

Answer 16

interleukins, interferons

Question 17

What is the function of cytokines

Answer 17

induce signalling pathways and promote inflammatory pathways

Question 18

What is the function of chemokines

Answer 18

attract leukocytes and activate GPRCs

Question 19

What are chemokines secreted by

Answer 19

macrophages

Question 20

What do protein mediators cause

Answer 20

increased expression of adhesion molecules, leukocyte activation

Question 21

What inhibits protein mediators

Answer 21

aspirin

Question 22

What do prostaglandins stimulate

Answer 22

nerve endings

Question 23

what are the two forms of macrophages

Answer 23

pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory

Question 24

What is the function of anti-inflammatory macrophages

Answer 24

promote tissue growth

Question 25

What is the function of pro-inflammatory macrophages

Answer 25

recruit neutrophils

Question 26

How long do neutrophils survive

Answer 26

24 hours

Question 27

What is in the cellular infiltrate of chronic inflammation

Answer 27

monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 28

What is the cellular infiltrate of acute inflammation

Answer 28

neutrophils

Question 29

Describe COPD disease

Answer 29

progressive airflow limitation in lungs which is enhanced by chronic inflammation in air ways

Question 30

Describe acute bronchopneumonia

Answer 30

neutrophils fill alveolar spaces and blood vessels are congested

Question 31

What are common causes of COPD

Answer 31

smoking, TB, dusty work environment

Question 32

What characterises COPD

Answer 32

loss of elasticity in alveoli, defective phagocytosis

Question 33

What are normal alveoli replaced by in COPD

Answer 33

cuboidal epithelium

Question 34

What releases histamine

Answer 34

mast cells

Question 35

What are mast cells derived from

Answer 35

basophils

Question 36

What do macrophages release

Answer 36

pro-inflammatory mediator - tumour necrosis factor

Question 37

What do cytokines attract

Answer 37

neutrophils

Question 38

What can cytokines cause

Answer 38

constriction of endothelial cells

Question 39

What is the effect of constriction of endothelial cells

Answer 39

increase permeability

Question 40

Describe effect of cytokines

Answer 40

systemic